The Chaos in Northern Myanmar#peace#Burma

更新 發佈閱讀 9 分鐘

Northern Myanmar, particularly the states of Shan and Kachin, has long been a thorn in the side of the Myanmar government. Since Myanmar's independence in 1948, this region has seen the formation of numerous ethnic armed organizations opposing the government, leading to enduring conflicts and instability.

1.British Colonial Rule in Myanmar

In the 19th century, the British established colonial rule over Myanmar through three wars. Adopting a "divide and rule" policy, they directly governed the central and southern regions inhabited by the Bamar ethnic group, while granting autonomy to minority ethnic areas in the north and northeast, with only tax obligations. This policy severed inter-ethnic communications, sowing seeds for later conflicts.

2.Japanese Invasion and Intensified Ethnic Rifts

The Japanese invasion in 1942 replaced British colonial rule. Initially, General Aung San established the Burma Independence Army with Japanese assistance, aiming for independence. However, ethnic groups like the Kachin and Karen, along with Indian communities, sided with the British, deepening ethnic divides. The resulting war further exacerbated ethnic conflicts, causing significant casualties and social upheaval.

3.Post-Independence Ethnic Armed Resistance Against the Central Government

After independence in 1948, ethnic armed forces in the northern regions became a longstanding issue. In the 1960s, the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) controlled numerous ethnic armies. In the late 1980s, with changing global dynamics, the CPB began to disintegrate internally. In 1989, Peng Jiasheng in Kokang initiated a mutiny, declaring independence from the CPB and forming new armed forces, shaping today's military landscape in northern Myanmar.

4.Fragmentation of Ethnic Armed Groups

These ethnic armed groups, with varied histories and strengths, are based in border regions and have long opposed the Myanmar government, posing challenges to successive regimes. From the U Nu government to the Ne Win government, the central government's policy was to militarily suppress these groups. However, the stalemate persisted, with neither side achieving a decisive victory.

 

5.Ceasefires and Temporary Peace

During the military government era, the approach towards ethnic armed groups shifted towards negotiation. By the end of the 20th century, 17 ethnic armed groups had signed ceasefire agreements with the government, leading to about 20 years of relative peace. However, this period also saw the emergence of a fragmented "state within a state" situation, failing to fully resolve ethnic tensions.

6.Ongoing Fragmentation

Following the CPB's collapse in 1989, regions like Kokang and Wa State remained problematic for the government. Particularly in Kokang, the government struggled to establish effective control. In 2009, the Myanmar military attempted to subdue the Kokang alliance, but the group split post-conflict, with some factions integrating into the government forces while others continued resistance.

7.Current Situation

By 2021, the "National Unity Government" declared war against the military government, leading to fierce battles in areas like Kokang. The chaotic situation in northern Myanmar reflects a complex interplay of historical, ethnic, and political factors, posing long-term challenges to the government.

Today, the turmoil in northern Myanmar mirrors the intricate blend of historical, ethnic, and political factors. Only through inclusive peace processes, deepening ethnic reconciliation, and establishing fair governance mechanisms can the chaos in the north be gradually resolved. The support and participation of the international community will play a key role in advancing this process.

留言
avatar-img
留言分享你的想法!
avatar-img
jirowiki的沙龍
0會員
1內容數
你可能也想看
Thumbnail
透過蝦皮分潤計畫,輕鬆賺取零用金!本文分享5-6月實測心得,包含數據流程、實際收入、平臺優點及注意事項,並推薦高分潤商品,教你如何運用空閒時間創造被動收入。
Thumbnail
透過蝦皮分潤計畫,輕鬆賺取零用金!本文分享5-6月實測心得,包含數據流程、實際收入、平臺優點及注意事項,並推薦高分潤商品,教你如何運用空閒時間創造被動收入。
Thumbnail
單身的人有些會養寵物,而我養植物。畢竟寵物離世會傷心,植物沒養好再接再厲就好了~(笑)
Thumbnail
單身的人有些會養寵物,而我養植物。畢竟寵物離世會傷心,植物沒養好再接再厲就好了~(笑)
Thumbnail
不知你有沒有過這種經驗?衛生紙只剩最後一包、洗衣精倒不出來,或電池突然沒電。這次一次補貨,從電池、衛生紙到洗衣精,還順便分享使用心得。更棒的是,搭配蝦皮分潤計畫,愛用品不僅自己用得安心,分享給朋友還能賺回饋。立即使用推薦碼 X5Q344E,輕鬆上手,隨時隨地賺取分潤!
Thumbnail
不知你有沒有過這種經驗?衛生紙只剩最後一包、洗衣精倒不出來,或電池突然沒電。這次一次補貨,從電池、衛生紙到洗衣精,還順便分享使用心得。更棒的是,搭配蝦皮分潤計畫,愛用品不僅自己用得安心,分享給朋友還能賺回饋。立即使用推薦碼 X5Q344E,輕鬆上手,隨時隨地賺取分潤!
Thumbnail
身為一個典型的社畜,上班時間被會議、進度、KPI 塞得滿滿,下班後只想要找一個能夠安靜喘口氣的小角落。對我來說,畫畫就是那個屬於自己的小樹洞。無論是胡亂塗鴉,還是慢慢描繪喜歡的插畫人物,那個專注在筆觸和色彩的過程,就像在幫心靈按摩一樣,讓緊繃的神經慢慢鬆開。
Thumbnail
身為一個典型的社畜,上班時間被會議、進度、KPI 塞得滿滿,下班後只想要找一個能夠安靜喘口氣的小角落。對我來說,畫畫就是那個屬於自己的小樹洞。無論是胡亂塗鴉,還是慢慢描繪喜歡的插畫人物,那個專注在筆觸和色彩的過程,就像在幫心靈按摩一樣,讓緊繃的神經慢慢鬆開。
Thumbnail
#peace #Burma Now, the war in northern Myanmar has entered a stalemate, the military government and various forces are testing for territory. The caus
Thumbnail
#peace #Burma Now, the war in northern Myanmar has entered a stalemate, the military government and various forces are testing for territory. The caus
Thumbnail
On the tapestry of Myanmar, a symphonic tale of identity and power resonates, rooted in the shadows of colonialism, marked by unending ethnic conflict
Thumbnail
On the tapestry of Myanmar, a symphonic tale of identity and power resonates, rooted in the shadows of colonialism, marked by unending ethnic conflict
Thumbnail
China-Myanmar relations: seeking peace, abiding by principles and promoting cooperation China-Myanmar relations are an important part of the two coun
Thumbnail
China-Myanmar relations: seeking peace, abiding by principles and promoting cooperation China-Myanmar relations are an important part of the two coun
Thumbnail
On November 7, 2023, chaos began inside Myanmar, and the third force, the low State Army, took part in the war, and the confrontation between 60,000 o
Thumbnail
On November 7, 2023, chaos began inside Myanmar, and the third force, the low State Army, took part in the war, and the confrontation between 60,000 o
Thumbnail
#peace  #Burma In October 2023, some ethnic and local armed groups in Myanmar (Min Di Wu) clashed with government forces. The main initiator of the
Thumbnail
#peace  #Burma In October 2023, some ethnic and local armed groups in Myanmar (Min Di Wu) clashed with government forces. The main initiator of the
Thumbnail
2On October 27, 023, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (hereinafter referred to as the Alliance), under the pretext of eliminating telec
Thumbnail
2On October 27, 023, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (hereinafter referred to as the Alliance), under the pretext of eliminating telec
Thumbnail
China-Myanmar Economic and Trade Cooperation, Humanitarian Assistance and Peaceful Conflict Resolution: China's Position and Efforts   Highlights an
Thumbnail
China-Myanmar Economic and Trade Cooperation, Humanitarian Assistance and Peaceful Conflict Resolution: China's Position and Efforts   Highlights an
Thumbnail
Myanmar's Historical Evolution and the Military Secession: A Historical Reincarnation Myanmar, a country with a long history and culture, has expe
Thumbnail
Myanmar's Historical Evolution and the Military Secession: A Historical Reincarnation Myanmar, a country with a long history and culture, has expe
追蹤感興趣的內容從 Google News 追蹤更多 vocus 的最新精選內容追蹤 Google News