
A room that is still called the nursery. One of the doors leads to Anya’s room. Dawn, the sun will soon rise. It is May, the cherry trees are in blossom, but it is cold in the orchard; there is a morning frost. The windows are shut. Enter Dunyasha with a candle, and Lopahin with a book in his hand.
一個仍然叫做嬰兒房的房間,其中一個門通向安妮雅的房間。黎明時分,太陽快要升起。這是五月時節,櫻桃樹已經開花,但櫻桃園裡面依舊很冷,早上還結了一層霜。房間的窗關著,杜妮雅莎拿著蠟燭進來,羅巴金手上拿著一本書一起進來。
契科夫(Anton Chekhov)的 【櫻桃園】(The Cherry Orchard)開場出現了三個名字:安妮雅(Anya),杜妮雅莎(Dunyasha)以及羅巴金(Lopahin)。以傳統的社會階級來說(也就是俄國莊園制度還沒垮台前的傳統),杜妮雅莎是安妮雅家裡的下人,而商人羅巴金也是安妮雅家的農奴後代,本來也是算個下人,可是後來經商致富,已經有能力買下安妮雅家裡的地產,也就是整個劇本圍繞的主題櫻桃園。這時候,杜妮雅莎與羅巴金都在等安妮雅與她的母親麗塢波夫(Lyubov)從國外回來,同行出國的還有麗塢波夫的弟弟加耶夫(Gayev),在他們出國期間,整個莊園都是麗塢波夫的養女瓦莉雅(Varya)在掌管(她必須在身上掛著一串鑰匙,因為以前莊園的房子有好多個房間),她手底下的下人,除了杜妮雅莎之外,還有老僕人佛斯(Firs)與年輕僕人雅沙(Yasha),至於老學生彼得(Pyotr),則是莊園外一個想追求安妮雅、類似食客一般的角色。
所以櫻桃園要被賣掉了,因為麗塢波夫不太會經營莊園,而且生活奢侈,導致家族欠下了很多債務,全劇圍繞著麗塢波夫一家人,散發著不好的事情就要發卻又無可奈何的感傷氣氛。而契科夫以詩的感覺來強化他觀察世事無常的智慧,則充分發揮在類似這樣的對話裡:
LOPAHIN You will get an annual rent of at least twenty-five rubles per acre, and if you advertise once, I’ll give you any guarantee you like that you won’t have a square foot of ground left by autumn, all the lots will be snapped up. In short, congratulations, you’re saved. The location is splendid—by that deep river…Only, of course, the ground must be cleared…all the old buildings, for instance, must be torn down, and this house, too, which is useless, and, of course, the old cherry orchard must be cut down.
LYUBOV Cut down? My dear, forgive me, but you don’t know what you’re talking about. If there is one thing that’s interesting—indeed, remarkable—in the whole province, it’s precisely our cherry orchard.
LOPAHIN The only remarkable thing about this orchard is that it’s a very large one. There’s a crop of cherries every other year, and you can’t do anything with them; no one buys them.
GAYEV This orchard is even mentioned in the encyclopedia.
LOPAHIN (Glancing at his watch) If we can’t think of a way out, if we don’t come to a decision, on the twenty-second of August the cherry orchard and whole estate will be sold at auction. Make up your minds! There is no other way out—I swear. None, none.
FIRS In the old days, forty or fifty years ago, the cherries were dried, soaked, pickled, and made into jam, and we used to—
GAYEV Keep still, Firs.
FIRS And the dried cherries would be shipped by the cartload. It meant a lot of money! And in those days the dried cherries were soft and juicy, sweet, fragrant…They knew the way to do it, then.
LYUBOV Why don’t they do it that way now?
FIRS They’ve forgotten. Nobody remembers it.
羅巴金:兩畝半的一小塊地,你每年至少有二十五盧布的收入。要是你現在做廣告,我保證秋天之前,你這些地全部被租光。大家會搶著要,總之,我要恭喜你,你們得救了。這塊地很有價值,河流也很深。當然,唯一一件事情是,這整個地面必須清除一番。。。所有的建築必須拆除,包括這棟房子,這已經沒什麼價值了,還有,櫻桃樹要全部砍掉。。。
麗塢波夫:全部砍掉?對不起,親愛的,我真不知道你在說些甚麼,這一帶如果說有什麼好玩的,那就是我們的櫻桃園了。
羅巴金:這個櫻桃園的唯一特殊之處就是很大,而櫻桃每兩年才收成一次,然後你們不知道要怎麼處理,又沒有人買。
加耶夫:百科全書上還提到這個櫻桃園呢!
羅巴金:(看了一下錶)如果我們不趕快想辦法做決定,到了八月二十二日那天,櫻桃園及整個莊園就要被賣掉,趕快下定決心吧!我跟你發誓,沒有別的辦法了,保證沒有。
佛斯:以前,四、五十年前,那時的櫻桃用來搾乾、浸泡、提鍊,然後做成果醬,那時大家總是。。。
加耶夫:不要講話,佛斯。
佛斯:那時大家總是把搾乾的櫻桃一車一車運往莫斯科和卡科夫,這很賺錢的!這種搾乾的櫻桃吃起來軟軟的,又香又甜,很好吃。。。他們使用一種方法。。。
麗塢波夫:甚麼方法?現在呢?
佛斯:失傳了,沒有人記得。。。
很多的聲音在麗塢波夫四周響起:羅巴金在商言商的語氣(他的舞台動作就是常常在看錶),配合著嚴峻的事實,也就是時時在催促著人做改變的時間,有種緊迫盯人的節奏感,商人的聲音(實事求是地講怎樣賺錢才是解決問題的方式)這時候對上了老僕人的呢喃(於事無補地講過去人們怎樣處理收成的櫻桃):滄桑、微弱、可是卻無法間斷。在這兩種聲音之間,加耶夫制止下人講話清晰卻又無力的聲音做了一個絕妙的轉折。這些聲音表面上互相抵觸實際上卻相互依襯,構成一種平易近人卻又讓人覺得有點奇怪的和諧韻律。
以羅巴金與佛斯為兩個大致上的方向,整個劇本就是好幾個角色對於要不要改造櫻桃園而進行的不間斷的談話。這樣不停的話語裡面,每個人都覺得自己講的話很有意義:羅巴金覺得要實事求是,麗塢波夫與加耶夫沈湎於回憶,安妮雅與瓦麗雅擔心著莊園跟母親習慣奢侈的習性,講話的語氣總是很焦慮,至於老學生彼得則是不停地說教,以很沒有同情心的方式指責麗塢波夫的無能為力。每個人都在聽對方說話卻沒有傾聽的能力,他們的聲音卻很自然地交纏在一起,在他們無法溝通而靜默下來的時候,劇作家的聲音從天空傳來:
(All sit plunged in thought. Stillness reigns. Only Firs’s muttering is audible. Suddenly a distant sound is heard, coming from the sky as it were, the sound of a snapping string, mournfully dying away.)
(每一個人都坐著,若有所思,一片寂靜。只偶而傳來佛斯壓抑的喃喃聲,突然,一個響聲由遠方傳來,好像來自天空,像是繩子斷裂的聲音,哀怨地慢慢消失。)
在整齣劇裡面,契科夫都沒有講清楚那個繩子斷掉(總讓人覺得帶著很負面的意義)的聲音是怎麼來的,只是在這個第二幕中段還有劇尾,所有的聲音都沈寂下來(可是卻有佛斯的低語)的時候,這個聲音就會出現。我的直覺是它提示著劇中所有人事物(聽覺上)的統合感。
閱讀契科夫的作品可以說是不知不覺在接受他奇異、真實而且統合的韻律,這是個奇妙的經驗。哈洛。卜倫(Harold Bloom)教授曾經引一個俄國思想家歇斯托夫(Lev Shestov)的話來對這個俄國劇作家致敬:
Chekhov’s wonderful art did not die—his art to kill by a mere touch, a breath, a glance, everything whereby men live and wherein they take pride.
契科夫精湛的藝術歷久不衰。他能藉著輕輕一觸、一下呼吸、一個眼神、把人們賴以為生、引以為傲的事物摧毀殆盡。
要是沒有看過契科夫的東西,可能會覺得這種講法很誇張。我在碩士班一年級之前,完全不知道這個俄國人,所以當我的戲劇課老師要求我們用英文版的櫻桃園寫期中報告時,其實我是非常不耐煩,在要交卷的前三天,我還記得非常清楚,我在我那天花板破裂漏水、牆壁油漆脫落、霉味瀰漫的學生宿舍房間裡面,好不容易耐住自己的性子,坐下來閱讀櫻桃園的第一段,進入那個五月的嬰兒房。一個多小時以後,我讀完整個劇本,開始在自己的房間裡面踱步,想要寫很多事情卻又不知道怎麼寫,因為世事無常這個老生常談以契科夫的旋律不停迴響在我腦袋裡面。
因此,歇斯托夫所講的,契科夫的筆觸,最先給我的衝擊就是聲音,或者更準確說是這些聲音融合在一起所造成的奇異協調,而這樣的主旋律過後,總會遺留下一點淡淡的哀愁:一直在看錶的羅巴金嘴裡叨叨念念著生意經,瓦妮雅掛在腰間的莊園鑰匙發出響聲,老管家的嘶啞細語,或是麗塢波夫不知所措的悲鳴,最後,在麗塢波夫一家人被迫離開櫻桃園的時候,大家都忘記佛斯這個老管家還在莊園裡面遊走,誤將他鎖在房子裡,然後整個故事都結束在他的呢喃、拖行的腳步聲、還有以斧頭砍倒櫻桃樹的沈重聲音所協奏出來的音樂裡:
(They go out. The stage is empty. The sound of door being locked, of carriage driving away. Then silence. In the stillness is heard the muffled sound of the ax striking a tree, a mournful, lonely sound. Footsteps are heard. Firs appears in the doorway on the right. He is dressed as usual in a jacket and white waistcoat and wears slippers. He is ill.)
FIRS (Goes to the door, tries the handle) Locked! They’ve gone…(sits down on the sofa) They’ve forgotten me…Never mind…I’ll sit here a bit…I’ll wager Leonid Anderyevich hasn’t put his fur coat on, he’s gone off in his light overcoat…(sighs anxiously) I didn’t keep an eye on him…Ah, when they are young, they’re green…(Mumbles something indistinguishable) Life has gone by as if I had never lived. (Lies down.) I’ll lie down a while…There’s no strength left in you, old fellow, nothing is left, nothing. Ah, you addlehead!
(Lies motionless. A distant sound is heard coming from the sky, as it were, the sound of a snapping string mournfully dying away. All is still again, and nothing is heard but the strokes of the as against a tree far away in the orchard.)
舞台上空無一人,傳來關門上鎖的聲音,隨後是馬車離去的聲音。一切歸於寧靜,在寧靜中傳來斧頭砍樹的笨重聲音,聲音顯得憂傷而絕望。傳來腳步聲,佛斯出現在右邊的門口,他和往常一樣,穿著夾克,白色背心,穿著拖鞋,他生病了。
佛斯:(走到門口,轉一下門把)鎖上了,他們都走了。。。(坐到沙發上)他們忘了我。。。沒關係。。。我要在這裡坐一會兒。。。我猜李歐尼德。安德烈葉維區一定沒穿上他的毛皮大衣,而是穿外套大衣就走了(焦慮地歎氣)而我竟沒去注意到。。。他們年輕的時候,是生龍活虎!(喃喃自語著沒人聽懂的話)我要躺一會兒,你沒力氣了,甚麼都沒有了,甚麼都。。。啊,你這飯桶!(靜靜躺著,一動不動。)
(遠處天空傳來好像是繩子斷掉的聲音,哀傷地漸漸消逝。一切歸於寧靜,只有遠處櫻桃園裡傳來的砍樹聲音。)