經濟學人世界新聞簡訊

歐盟委員會主席拜訪義大利協助應對移民問題

<原文>

歐盟委員會主席烏爾蘇拉·馮德萊恩承諾，歐盟將制定行動計劃，幫助意大利應對突然湧入的移民。最近幾天，已有超過7000人抵達意大利的拉姆佩杜薩島；在2023年的前八個月，近115,000名移民乘船抵達意大利。上周日，馮德萊恩夫人在意大利極右翼總理喬吉亞·梅洛尼宣布緊急狀態的拉姆佩杜薩島進行了訪問。

Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission’s president, promised that the EU would draw up an action plan to help Italy cope with a sudden influx of migrants. More than 7,000 people have arrived at the Italian island of Lampedusa in recent days; nearly 115,000 migrants reached Italy by sea during the first eight months of 2023. On Sunday Mrs von der Leyen visited Lampedusa, where Giorgia Meloni, Italy’s far-right prime minister, has declared a state of emergency.

<分析>

意大利是歐盟最主要的移民接收國之一。近年來，由於北非和中東地區的戰亂和貧困，意大利接收的移民數量急劇增加。意大利政府一直呼籲歐盟其他成員國分擔移民壓力，但收效甚微。

歐盟的行動計劃可能將集中在以下幾個方面：

• 增加對意大利海岸警衛隊和其他邊境機構的支持
• 提供財政援助，幫助意大利接收和處理移民
• 與其他歐盟成員國合作，將部分移民重新安置到其他國家
• 解決移民的根源問題，如非洲的貧困和衝突

歐盟對移民危機的回應一直存在爭議，一些成員國認為歐盟應該為意大利做更多，而另一些成員國則認為歐盟已經做得太多了。歐盟的行動計劃是試圖在兩種立場之間取得平衡。

重要的是要注意，移民是一個複雜的問題，沒有簡單的解決方案。歐盟的行動計劃只是解決危機的第一步。重要的是繼續共同努力，找到幫助移民和接收他們的國家的方法。

Italy is one of the main destinations for migrants in the European Union. In recent years, the number of migrants arriving in Italy has increased sharply due to conflict and poverty in North Africa and the Middle East. The Italian government has repeatedly called on other EU member states to share the burden of migrants, but with little success.

The EU's action plan is likely to focus on a number of areas, including:

• Increasing support for Italy's coast guard and other border agencies
• Providing financial assistance to help Italy receive and process migrants
• Working with other EU member states to relocate some of the migrants to other countries
• Addressing the root causes of migration, such as poverty and conflict in Africa

The EU's response to the migrant crisis has been controversial, with some member states arguing that the EU should do more to help Italy, while others argue that the EU is already doing too much. The EU's action plan is an attempt to find a balance between these two positions.

It is important to note that migration is a complex issue with no easy solutions. The EU's action plan is just one step in addressing the crisis. It is important to continue to work together to find ways to help migrants and the countries that receive them.

美中舉行會談力求改善緊張關係

<原文>

美國國家安全顧問和中國外交部長週末在馬爾他舉行了“坦率、實質性和建設性”的會談，雙方官員都表示。這兩個大國最近做出了一些努力來改善緊張的關係。有傳言稱，這些努力可能會在今年晚些時候促成美國總統拜登和中國國家主席習近平之間罕見的會晤。

America’s national security adviser and China’s foreign minister held “candid, substantive and constructive” talks in Malta this weekend, according to officials on both sides. The two powers have recently made several attempts to improve their fractious relationship. There is speculation that these may culminate in a rare meeting between Joe Biden and Xi Jinping, the American and Chinese presidents, later this year.

<分析>

美國和中國官員的會談是一項重大發展，因為這兩個國家目前關係緊張。近年來，美中關係明顯惡化，在貿易、技術和人權等一系列問題上，緊張局勢不斷升級。

雙方現在願意進行坦率和實質性的會談，這表明他們都對改善關係感興趣。目前還不清楚這些會談是否會取得突破，但舉行會談本身就是一个積極的信號。

拜登和習近平會面的可能性就更重要了。兩位領導人會面將表明，兩國致力於共同努力管控分歧，避免衝突。

值得注意的是，改善美中關係仍面臨許多挑戰。但本週末兩國官員的會談表明，雙方都願意嘗試。

The talks between the US and Chinese officials are a significant development, given the current state of relations between the two countries. In recent years, relations between the US and China have deteriorated significantly, with tensions rising over a range of issues, including trade, technology, and human rights.

The fact that the two sides are now willing to engage in candid and substantive talks suggests that they are both interested in trying to improve relations. It is still too early to say whether these talks will lead to a breakthrough, but the fact that they are taking place at all is a positive sign.

The possibility of a meeting between Biden and Xi would be even more significant. A meeting between the two leaders would be a sign that the two countries are committed to working together to manage their differences and avoid conflict.

It is important to note that there are still many challenges to improving US-China relations. However, the talks between the two officials this weekend are a sign that both sides are willing to try.

<延伸>
America and China try to move past a new bump in relations
https://www.economist.com/china/2023/06/09/america-and-china-try-to-move-past-a-new-bump-in-relations

烏克蘭與俄羅斯持續交火，糧食出口管道重啟

<原文>

俄羅斯於週日聲稱擊退了烏克蘭對克里米亞的攻擊，但烏克蘭無人機擾亂了莫斯科的空中交通並在其他地方引發了油庫火災。早些時候，第一批使用新的“人道主義走廊”運送糧食的民用船隻抵達烏克蘭港口。烏克蘭在7月俄羅斯退出允許其鄰國出口農作物和化肥的協議後推出了這條路線。

Russia claimed it had repelled a Ukrainian attack on Crimea on Sunday, but that Ukrainian drones had disrupted air traffic in Moscow and caused a fire at an oil depot elsewhere. Earlier, the first civilian ships to use a new “humanitarian corridor” to transport grain reached Ukrainian ports. Ukraine introduced the route after Russia backed out of a deal in July that had allowed its neighbour to export crops and fertiliser.

<分析>

俄羅斯聲稱擊退了烏克蘭對克里米亞的攻擊，但這很難核實。烏克蘭沒有對這一說法發表評論，也沒有獨立報道支持這一說法。然而，這一說法與俄羅斯的說法一致，即烏克蘭是戰爭中的侵略者。

烏克蘭無人機襲擊莫斯科和其他俄羅斯城市是一項重大發展。它表明，烏克蘭有能力對俄羅斯領土腹地發動打擊。這些襲擊也可能對俄羅斯人民產生心理影響。

重新開放糧食出口走廊是一項積極的發展。它將有助於緩解烏克蘭戰爭造成的全球糧食危機。然而，重要的是要注意，該走廊仍然脆弱。俄羅斯隨時可能再次退出該協議。

總體而言，烏克蘭的局勢仍然不穩定。這場戰爭可能會持續一段時間，而且沒有簡單的解決方案。

The Russian claim that it has repelled a Ukrainian attack on Crimea is difficult to verify. Ukraine has not commented on the claim, and there is no independent reporting to support it. However, the claim is consistent with Russia's narrative that Ukraine is the aggressor in the war.

The Ukrainian drone attacks on Moscow and other Russian cities are a significant development. They show that Ukraine has the ability to strike deep inside Russian territory. The attacks could also have a psychological impact on the Russian population.

The reopening of the grain export corridor is a positive development. It will help to alleviate the global food crisis that has been caused by the war in Ukraine. However, it is important to note that the corridor is still fragile. Russia could back out of the deal again at any time.

Overall, the situation in Ukraine remains volatile. The war is likely to continue for some time, and there is no easy solution.

致命氣旋襲擊利比亞造成數千人死亡

<原文>

聯合國估計，在利比亞沿海城市德爾納發生災難性洪水後，至少有11,300人死亡。該機構估算，仍有約10,000人失踪，這意味著該市近四分之一的人口死亡或失踪。9月10日登陸利比亞的丹尼爾號風暴似乎是自2008年以來全球最致命的氣旋。
The UN thinks that at least 11,300 people have now died after catastrophic flooding in Derna, a coastal city in Libya. It reckons that some 10,000 are still missing—leaving almost a quarter of the city’s population either dead or unaccounted for. Storm Daniel, which made landfall in Libya on September 10th, appears to be the deadliest cyclone worldwide since 2008.

巴西呼籲富裕國家資助全球能源轉型

<原文>

在紐約舉行的聯合國大會之前，巴西堅稱富裕國家應該資助全球能源轉型。巴西能源部長亞歷山大·席爾瓦表示，貧窮國家無力改造其基礎設施。他還指出，富裕國家將依賴貧窮國家作為綠色能源的來源，例如巴西僅次於美國的生物燃料。

Ahead of the UN General Assembly in New York, Brazil insisted that wealthy countries should finance the energy transition worldwide. Alexandre Silveira, Brazil’s energy minister, said that poor countries could not afford to overhaul their infrastructure. He also argued that rich countries will rely on poorer countries as sources of green energy—such as biofuels, of which Brazil is the largest producer after America.

<分析>

巴西政府呼籲富裕國家資助全球能源轉型，這是一個重要的議題。能源轉型是應對氣候變化的關鍵，但它也是一個昂貴的過程。貧窮國家往往缺乏資源來獨立資助轉型。

富裕國家有道義上的義務幫助貧窮國家資助能源轉型。畢竟，富裕國家對氣候變化貢獻最大。此外，富裕國家也有助於貧窮國家轉向清潔能源的利益。正如巴西能源部長所指出的，富裕國家將在未來依賴貧窮國家的綠色能源。

國際社會應該共同努力，制定一項融資機制，幫助貧窮國家資助能源轉型。該機制可以基於多種來源，例如碳稅、綠色債券和公私合作夥伴關係。

通過共同努力，國際社會可以確保所有國家都能獲得負擔得起的清潔能源，並使全球能源轉型取得成功。

Brazil's call for wealthy countries to finance the global energy transition is timely and important. The energy transition is essential to address climate change, but it is also a costly process. Poorer countries often lack the resources to finance the transition on their own.

Wealthy countries have a moral obligation to help poorer countries finance the energy transition. After all, wealthy countries have contributed the most to climate change. Additionally, wealthy countries have a vested interest in helping poorer countries transition to clean energy. As Brazil's energy minister pointed out, wealthy countries will rely on poorer countries for green energy in the future.

The international community should work together to develop a financing mechanism to help poorer countries finance the energy transition. This mechanism could be based on a variety of sources, such as carbon taxes, green bonds, and public-private partnerships.

By working together, the international community can ensure that all countries have access to affordable and clean energy, and that the global energy transition is a success.

<延伸>

The energy transition will be expensive.
https://www.economist.com/special-report/2022/10/05/the-energy-transition-will-be-expensive

美國汽車工人聯合會罷工進入第三天，看不到結束的跡象

<原文>

美國汽車工人聯合會（UAW）組織的同步罷工週日進入第三天，沒有任何即將解決的跡象。近1.3萬名工人已在福特、通用汽車和Stellantis這三家汽車製造商的工廠停工。UAW要求四年內加薪36%，而公司只提供了20-21%的加薪幅度。UAW主席稱進展“緩慢”。

The simultaneous strikes organised by the United Auto Workers, a huge American union, entered their third day on Sunday—with no hint of an imminent resolution. Nearly 13,000 workers have downed tools at the plants of three carmaking giants: Ford, General Motors and Stellantis. The UAW wants a 36% pay rise over four years; the companies have offered 20-21%. The union’s president called progress “slow”.

<分析>

美國汽車工人聯合會（UAW）罷工是一件重大事件。UAW是美國最大的工會之一，也是最有權勢的工會之一。罷工也表明，工人们對自己的工資和工作條件越來越不滿。

罷工可能會對美國經濟產生重大影響。汽車行業是美國的主要雇主之一，罷工可能會擾亂生產和供應鏈。罷工也可能導致汽車和卡車價格上漲。

罷工的結果尚不確定。UAW要求大幅加薪，而公司不願提供超過20-21%的加薪幅度。罷工可能會持續數周或數月。

罷工提醒了我們工會在爭取工人權利方面的重要性。工會對於確保工人獲得其創造的利潤的公平份額至關重要。

The strike by the United Auto Workers is a significant event. The UAW is one of the largest and most powerful unions in the United States. The strike is also a sign of the growing dissatisfaction among workers with their wages and working conditions.

The strike is likely to have a significant impact on the US economy. The automotive industry is a major employer in the United States, and the strike is likely to disrupt production and supply chains. The strike could also lead to higher prices for cars and trucks.

The outcome of the strike is uncertain. The UAW is demanding a significant pay increase, while the companies are reluctant to offer more than 20-21%. It is possible that the strike could drag on for several weeks or months.

The strike is a reminder of the importance of unions in fighting for the rights of workers. Unions are essential to ensuring that workers have a fair share of the profits they generate.

德國氣候活動家在勃蘭登堡門抗議，要求加快應對氣候變化

<原文>

德國氣候活動家在柏林最著名的地標之一——勃蘭登堡門上噴塗了油漆。該組織名為“最後一代”，要求德國在2030年前停止使用煤炭、石油和天然氣。該國目前計劃在2045年實現淨零排放，但多次未能達到年度目標。據報導，兩個德國州正在考慮將“最後一代”列為犯罪組織。

German climate activists sprayed paint over the Brandenburg Gate, one of Berlin’s best-known landmarks. The group, called the “Last Generation”, wants Germany to stop using coal, oil and natural gas by 2030. The country currently intends to reach net-zero emissions by 2045, but has repeatedly missed its annual targets. Two German states are reportedly considering whether to classify the Last Generation as a criminal organisation.

<分析>

“最後一代”的抗議活動表明，氣候活動人士對氣候變化進展緩慢的越來越感到沮喪。該組織的要求是雄心勃勃的，但如果德國要實現其氣候目標，這些要求也是必要的。

德國政府因在氣候變化問題上進展緩慢而受到批評。該國多次未能達到年度排放目標，而且仍然嚴重依賴化石燃料。政府將“最後一代”列為犯罪組織的決定將是一個有爭議的舉措，目前尚不清楚是否會成功。

在勃蘭登堡門的抗議活動提醒我們氣候危機的緊迫性。我們需要採取大膽的行動來減少排放並轉向清潔能源經濟。

The protest by the Last Generation is a sign of the growing frustration among climate activists with the slow pace of progress on climate change. The group's demands are ambitious, but they are also necessary if Germany is to meet its climate goals.

The German government has been criticized for its slow progress on climate change. The country has repeatedly missed its annual emissions targets, and it is still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. The government's decision to classify the Last Generation as a criminal organisation would be a controversial move, and it is unclear if it would be successful.

The protest at the Brandenburg Gate is a reminder of the urgency of the climate crisis. We need to take bold action to reduce our emissions and transition to a clean energy economy.

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