建議可花三四天甚或一星期的時間，先自行查字典了解文章及作答測驗題。閱讀時先找出句子的主詞和動詞，順著這文法結構，就可掌握句意與其主旨。
文章的講解內容，包括為每一個句子（1）說明主旨；（2）找出它的主詞和動詞；（3）說明其他可能的動詞人選為什麼不能當句子的動詞；（4）將長句解構為多個簡單句，並說明這些簡單句如何組裝成長句；（5）說明句子裡出現的其他文法內容。
110指考 40-43 文章
France gave birth to restaurants, but it was no civilized affair. In fact, today's restaurant business is a byproduct of the class warfare that arose during the French Revolution.
Back in the Middle Ages, fine dining was a privilege enjoyed exclusively by noble families who had their own grand kitchens and personal chefs. The only commercial diners for the masses were dusty, shabby roadside inns, where strangers crowded around mediocre buffets of lukewarm roasts and over-sauced beans. But sometime in the 1760s, the merchant class of Paris developed a taste for healthy clear broths which were considered restorative; hence the term “restaurant.” By the 1780s, this new Parisian “healthy food” craze led to a handful of reputable dining halls, where customers could sit at individual tables and choose from a wide range of dishes.
Ironically, the popularity of these restaurants grew at a time when the majority of the French population could not afford bread. Decades of harsh winters and oppressive taxation had taken their toll on kitchen tables. By 1789, the starving French masses could no longer be controlled. Looting and riots erupted throughout Paris, ushering in the French Revolution. Rich nobles fled to the countryside, leaving behind their highly skilled chefs and the fine wines from their cellars. Suddenly, unemployed cooks found their way to the city's eateries, and within a year, nearly 50 elegant restaurants had popped up in Paris.
The restaurant business truly came into its own during the early 1800s, after General Napoleon seized control of the country. He granted “freedom of pleasure” to all citizens, as he reasoned that people who were focused on champagne and fine food probably would not conspire against him. The number of restaurants rose quickly. By 1814, about three thousand restaurants were listed in a popular travel guide. Paris became the center of the new restaurant scene, which, to some degree, it remains today.
40. According to the passage, where does the word“restaurant”originate from?
(A) Famous chefs. (B) Popular soups. (C) Dining halls. (D) Daily menus.
41. What does“taken their toll on kitchen tables”mean in the third paragraph?
(A) Deprived people of adequate food for living.
(B) Controlled the nutrients in people's diet.
(C) Charged people for using kitchen tables.
(D) Paid tribute to chefs working in kitchens.
42. Which of the following is true about commercial diners before the French Revolution?
(A) Many fine restaurants were owned by highly skilled chefs.
(B) Reputable dining halls were popular in Paris during the 1760s.
(C) Public dining halls in the Middle Ages were run-down and dirty.
(D) A limited variety of food was served in Parisian restaurants in the 1780s.
43. What was the main reason for Napoleon to promote the development of restaurants?
(A) He hoped to improve the life of his citizens.
(B) He wanted to help unemployed chefs find new jobs.
(C) He feared that reductions in restaurants might hurt the travel business.
(D) He believed that the development of restaurants would bring political stability.
答案 40. B 41. A 42. C 43. D
第一段 第一句
France gave birth to restaurants, but it was no civilized affair.
餐廳誕生在法國，但當時這絕對不是文明的過程。
💡 本句主旨 現代餐廳形成於法國，但過程並不優雅。
🔍 語法重點：誰才是真正的動詞？
本句由對等連接詞 but 連結兩個地位相等的獨立子句。
- 主要主詞與動詞：
- 第一句：主詞 France，動詞 gave。
- 第二句：主詞 it，動詞 was。
- 🚫為何 civilized 不是動詞？
- 詞性判定：其前方出現 no（等於 not a），動詞前不可能加 no，故判定 civilized 是當形容詞用的過去分詞 (p.p.)。
- 詞義轉化：civilize（使文明）轉為 civilized（文明的）。如同 interest （使感有興趣）轉為 interested 變成（感到有興趣的）。
📘代名詞解析與新詞彙
- 代名詞 it 的指代：
由句意，it 是某種 affair，而國家不是 affair，所以 It 並非指法國，而是指前句內容，即「餐廳的誕生」。 - 動詞短語 give birth to：
原意為「分娩」。此處隱喻餐廳型式源於法國，是當地特殊的社會狀況「創造」了餐廳。
第一段 第二句
In fact, today's restaurant business is a byproduct of the class warfare that arose during the French Revolution.
事實上，現今的餐廳事業是在法國大革命期間階級戰爭的副產品。
💡 本句主旨 事實上，現今的餐廳事業是階級戰爭的副產品。
🔍 語法重點：誰才是真正的動詞？
- 主詞： business
動詞：is
🚫排除干擾：為何 arose 不是主要動詞？ - 結構衝突： arose（arise 的過去式）雖是動詞，但前面已有動詞 is，且無對等連接詞可將它與 is 連接，所以 arose 的主詞跟 is 的主詞不可能相同，必須為 arose 另找一個主詞。
- 子句歸屬： arose 前方有 that ，只有 that 能當它的主詞， 因此 that 是關係代名詞（等同於 which），引導關係子句，arose 是子句內的動詞，而非句子的動詞。
🛠長句解析：拆解與組裝
🪛拆解 本句可拆解為兩個簡單句
第一句（核心句）：In fact, today's restaurant business is a byproduct of a class warfare.
第二句（說明 class warfare）：The class warfare arose during the French Revolution.
🔩組裝
1. 製作關係子句：將第二句的 the class warfare 以 that（或 which）取代，並將其嫁接 第一句的 warfare 之後，即成。
2. 改變 不定冠詞 為 冠詞：因為這子句將 class warfare 限定為某特定戰爭，原本的不定冠詞 a 改為定冠詞 the，特指「在法國大革命期間發生的那場階級戰爭」。
本文包含作者多年累積的英文學習認知與教學精華。內容受著作權法保護，僅供付費讀者個人學習使用。嚴禁將文章內容轉載至公開社群或用於商業教學（如補習班教材）。感謝您支持原創教學內容。
📝 新詞彙
- byproduct：(n.) 副產品。
- class warfare：(n.) 階級戰爭。
- arise：(v.) 發生、出現（過去式為 arose）。
📜 第一段主旨 現代餐廳模式是在法國階級戰爭中的產物。
第二段 第一句
Back in the Middle Ages, fine dining was a privilege enjoyed exclusively by noble families who had their own grand kitchens and personal chefs.
中世紀時期，精緻餐飲是擁有自己的豪華大廚房和私人廚師的貴族家庭才能獨享的特權。
💡 本句主旨 精緻餐飲以前是貴族的特權。
🔍 語法重點：誰才是真正的動詞？
主詞： dining
動詞：was
🚫排除干擾：為什麼它們不是動詞
enjoyed：看似動詞，但其前面的 privilege（特權），是無生命的事物，不可能「享受」，必須是「特權被人享受」，這暗示 enjoyed 是被動語態中的 p.p.。
had：之前有關係代名詞 who ，是它的主詞，故 had 僅是關係子句裡的動詞。
🧩 長句解析：拆解與組裝
🪛 拆解 可拆成三個簡單句：
