公共組織必須適時調整和變革,以適應迅速變化和發展的社會環境。認知誤差、利益失衡、組織惰性、習慣性和變革不確定性等導致不同的心理障礙和阻力,影響和制約公共組織變革的進程和成效。組織變革作為策略發展的重要途徑,總是伴隨著不確定性和風險,並且會遇到各種阻力。大多時候,組織內部已經存在有衝突性目標,比如要增加資源以變革,卻要同時減少成本以保證能獲利。全盤性組織變革亦違反組織既有成員的價值觀,比如挑戰現有的做事的方法,這也是為何組織變革文獻要討論如何改變組織文化的原因。Palmer et al. (2006:61-65)提出有五種組織內變革力量導致組織變革:
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