**中文翻譯：**《物種起源》

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1228/1228-h/1228-h.htm

**中文翻譯：**

《物種起源》

透過自然選擇，

或

在生存競爭中優勢品種的保存。

查爾斯·達爾文，碩士，

皇家學會、地質學會、林奈學會等會員；

《H.M.S.小獵犬號環球航行研究日誌》作者。

倫敦：

阿爾伯馬爾街，約翰·默里出版社。

1859年。

**English Original:**

*On the Origin of Species*

BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION,

OR THE

PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.

By Charles Darwin, M.A.,

Fellow Of The Royal, Geological, Linnæan, Etc., Societies;

Author Of ‘Journal Of Researches During H.M.S. Beagle’s Voyage Round The World.’

LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1859.

**中文翻譯與中英對照：**

“But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this—we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws.”

“但是，關於物質世界，我們至少可以達到這樣的認識——我們可以理解到，事件的發生並不是由神聖力量在每個個別案例中的孤立干預所造成的，而是由普遍規律的建立所引導的。”

W. WHEWELL: Bridgewater Treatise.

W. 惠威爾：《布里奇沃特論文集》。

“To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of God’s word, or in the book of God’s works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endless progress or proficience in both.”

“總而言之，不要因為一種軟弱的自制觀念或不當的中庸之道，認為或堅持人在上帝的話語之書或上帝的工作之書、神學或哲學中可以研究得過遠或過深；相反地，人們應該在這兩方面不斷追求進步和卓越。”

BACON: Advancement of Learning.

培根：《學術進展》。

Down, Bromley, Kent,

唐恩，布羅姆利，肯特郡，

October, 1st, 1859.

1859年10月1日。

**Contents / 目錄**

INTRODUCTION. / 引言。

1. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION. / 人工馴養下的變異。

2. VARIATION UNDER NATURE. / 自然界中的變異。

3. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. / 生存競爭。

4. NATURAL SELECTION. / 自然選擇。

5. LAWS OF VARIATION. / 變異法則。

6. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. / 理論上的難點。

7. INSTINCT. / 本能。

8. HYBRIDISM. / 雜交。

9. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD. / 地質記錄的不完整性。

10. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS. / 有機生物的地質演替。

11. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. / 地理分布。

12. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—continued. / 地理分布（續）。

13. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: / 有機生物的相互親緣關係：形態學。

14. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. / 總結與結論。

**INDEX / 索引**

DETAILED CONTENTS. ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES.

詳細目錄。《物種起源》。

**INTRODUCTION / 引言**

**CHAPTER I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION. / 第一章：人工馴養下的變異。**

- Causes of Variability. / 變異的原因。

- Effects of Habit. / 習慣的影響。

- Correlation of Growth. / 生長的相關性。

- Inheritance. / 遺傳。

- Character of Domestic Varieties. / 家養品種的特性。

- Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species. / 區分變種與物種的困難。

- Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species. / 家養品種來自一種或多種物種的起源。

- Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin. / 家鴿的差異及起源。

- Principle of Selection anciently followed, its Effects. / 古代遵循的選擇原則及其影響。

- Methodical and Unconscious Selection. / 系統的和無意識的選擇。

- Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions. / 我們家養產物的未知起源。

- Circumstances favourable to Man’s power of Selection. / 有利於人類選擇能力的情況。

**CHAPTER 2. VARIATION UNDER NATURE. / 第二章：自然界中的變異。**

- Variability. / 變異性。

- Individual Differences. / 個體差異。

- Doubtful species. / 可疑物種。

- Wide ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most. / 範圍廣泛、分布廣泛且常見的物種變異最多。

- Species of the larger genera in any country vary more than the species of the smaller genera. / 在任何國家中，大型屬的物種比小型屬的物種變異更多。

- Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges. / 許多大型屬的物種在彼此間關係密切但不均勻，且具有有限的分布範圍，類似於變種。

**CHAPTER 3. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. / 第三章：生存競爭。**

- Bears on natural selection. / 與自然選擇有關。

- The term used in a wide sense. / 該術語使用於廣泛的意義上。

- Geometrical powers of increase. / 增長的幾何級數。

- Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants. / 歸化動植物的快速增長。

- Nature of the checks to increase. / 增長限制的性質。

- Competition universal. / 普遍競爭。

- Effects of climate. / 氣候的影響。

- Protection from the number of individuals. / 來自個體數量的保護。

- Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature. / 整個自然界中所有動植物的複雜關係。

- Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus. / 同一物種的個體和變種之間的生存競爭最為激烈；同一屬的物種之間競爭也往往很激烈。

- The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations. / 生物與生物之間的關係是所有關係中最重要的。

**CHAPTER 4. NATURAL SELECTION. / 第四章：自然選擇。**

- Natural Selection: its power compared with man’s selection, its power on characters of trifling importance, its power at all ages and on both sexes. / 自然選擇：其力量與人類選擇的比較，對微小特徵的影響，對所有年齡和兩性之間的影響。

- Sexual Selection. / 性選擇。

- On the generality of intercrosses between individuals of the same species. / 關於同一物種個體之間的雜交普遍性。

- Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals. / 有利和不利於自然選擇的情況，即雜交、隔離、個體數量。

- Slow action. / 緩慢的作用。

- Extinction caused by Natural Selection. / 自然選擇導致的滅絕。

- Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of any small area, and to naturalisation. / 特徵的分化，與任何小區域內居民的多樣性及歸化有關。

- Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the descendants from a common parent. / 自然選擇通過特徵分化和滅絕對共同祖先的後代的影響。

- Explains the Grouping of all organic beings. / 解釋所有有機生物的分組。

**CHAPTER 5. LAWS OF VARIATION. / 第五章：變異法則。**

- Effects of external conditions. / 外部條件的影響。

- Use and disuse, combined with natural selection; organs of flight and of vision. / 使用與廢用，結合自然選擇；飛行器官和視覺器官。

- Acclimatisation. / 適應。

- Correlation of growth. / 生長的相關性。

- Compensation and economy of growth. / 生長的補償和節約。

- False correlations. / 錯誤的相關性。

- Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable. / 多樣的、初步的和低等組織結構的變異。

- Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable: specific characters more variable than generic: secondary sexual characters variable. / 以不尋常方式發育的部分高度變異：特有特徵比屬性特徵更具變異性：次性徵變異。

- Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner. / 同屬物種以類似的方式變異。

- Reversions to long-lost characters. / 回歸到久已失去的特徵。

- Summary. / 總結。

**CHAPTER 6. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. / 第六章：理論上的難點。**

- Difficulties on the theory of descent with modification. / 關於後裔隨變的理論難點。

- Transitions. / 過渡。

- Absence or rarity of transitional varieties. / 過渡變種的缺乏或罕見。

- Transitions in habits of life. / 生活習性的過渡。

- Diversified habits in the same species. / 同一物種內的多樣化習性。

- Species with habits widely different from those of their allies. / 具有與其同類物種習性大不相同的物種。

- Organs of extreme perfection. / 極度完善的器官。

- Means of transition. / 過渡的手段。

- Cases of difficulty. / 困難的案例。

- Natura non facit saltum. / 自然不作跳躍。

- Organs of small importance. / 次要的重要器官。

- Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect. / 器官並非在所有情況下都絕對完美。

- The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection. / 自然選擇理論所涵蓋的類型統一性和存在條件的法則。

**CHAPTER 7. INSTINCT. / 第七章：本能。**

- Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin. / 本能與習性相似，但起源不同。

- Instincts graduated. / 本能有層次。

- Aphides and ants. / 蚜蟲和螞蟻。

- Instincts variable. / 本能可變。

- Domestic instincts, their origin. / 家養動物本能及其起源。

- Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees. / 布穀鳥、鴕鳥和寄生蜜蜂的自然本能。

- Slave-making ants. / 奴隸制螞蟻。

- Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct. / 蜂巢蜜蜂的築巢本能。

- Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts. / 本能的自然選擇理論上的困難。

- Neuter or sterile insects. / 中性或不育昆蟲。

**Summary. / 總結。**

**CHAPTER 8. HYBRIDISM. / 第八章：雜交。**

- Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. / 初次雜交和雜種不育的區別。

- Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close interbreeding, removed by domestication. / 不育程度不同，並非普遍存在，受近親繁殖影響，可通過馴養消除。

- Laws governing the sterility of hybrids. / 支配雜種不育的法則。

- Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences. / 不育並非特殊賦予，而是其他差異的附帶結果。

- Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. / 初次雜交和雜種不育的原因。

- Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and crossing. / 生活條件變化和雜交效果之間的平行關係。

- Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal. / 雜交品種及其混血後代的生育力並非普遍存在。

- Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility. / 在不考慮其生育力的情況下比較雜種和混種。

**CHAPTER 9. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD. / 第九章：地質記錄的不完整性。**

- On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day. / 當今缺乏中間變種。

- On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number. / 關於已滅絕的中間變種的性質及其數量。

- On the vast lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and of denudation. / 根據沉積和侵蝕的速度推測出漫長的時間流逝。

- On the poorness of our palæontological collections. / 關於我們古生物學收藏的匱乏。

- On the intermittence of geological formations. / 關於地質構造的間歇性。

- On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation. / 在任何地層中缺乏中間變種。

- On the sudden appearance of groups of species. / 物種群體的突然出現。

- On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata. / 它們在已知最低的含化石地層中的突然出現。

**CHAPTER 10. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS. / 第十章：有機生物的地質演替。**

- On the slow and successive appearance of new species. / 新物種的緩慢而逐漸的出現。

- On their different rates of change. / 它們的不同變化速率。

- Species once lost do not reappear. / 一旦滅絕的物種不會重新出現。

- Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species. / 物種群體的出現和消失遵循與單一物種相同的一般規則。

- On Extinction. / 關於滅絕。

- On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world. / 關於全球生命形式的同步變化。

- On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species. / 關於已滅絕物種彼此之間及與現存物種之間的親緣關係。

- On the state of development of ancient forms. / 關於古代形態的發展狀態。

- On the succession of the same types within the same areas. / 同一區域內同類型的連續性。

- Summary of preceding and present chapters. / 前幾章和本章的總結。

**CHAPTER 11. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. / 第十一章：地理分布。**

- Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions. / 當前的分布不能僅由物理條件的差異解釋。

- Importance of barriers. / 障礙的重要性。

- Affinity of the productions of the same continent. / 同一大陸產物的親緣關係。

- Centres of creation. / 創造中心。

- Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means. / 分散方式，包括氣候變化、地面高度變化及偶然因素。

- Dispersal during the Glacial period co-extensive with the world. / 冰河時期的分散範圍遍及全球。

**CHAPTER 12. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—continued. / 第十二章：地理分布（續）。**

- Distribution of fresh-water productions. / 淡水生物的分布。

- On the inhabitants of oceanic islands. / 關於海洋島嶼的生物。

- Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals. / 缺乏兩棲類和陸生哺乳動物。

- On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland. / 島嶼居民與最近大陸居民的關係。

- On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification. / 從最近的來源進行殖民及其後續的改變。

- Summary of the last and present chapters. / 前幾章和本章的總結。

**CHAPTER 13. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS. / 第十三章：有機生物的相互親緣關係：形態學、胚胎學、原始器官。**

- CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups. / 分類，群組從屬於群組。

- Natural system. / 自然系統。

- Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification. / 根據後裔隨變理論解釋的分類規則和困難。

- Classification of varieties. / 變種的分類。

- Descent always used in classification. / 後裔總是用於分類。

- Analogical or adaptive characters. / 類比或適應性特徵。

- Affinities, general, complex and radiating. / 親緣關係，普遍的、複雜的和輻射狀的。

- Extinction separates and defines groups. / 滅絕分離並定義了群組。

- MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual. / 形態學，同一類成員之間、同一個體的不同部分之間的形態。

- EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age. / 胚胎學，其法則解釋為變異不在早期發生，而在相應的年齡繼承。

- RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained. / 原始器官；其起源的解釋。

- Summary. / 總結。

**CHAPTER 14. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. / 第十四章：總結與結論。**

- Recapitulation of the difficulties on the theory of Natural Selection. / 關於自然選擇理論的困難的總結。

- Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour. / 有利於自然選擇理論的一般和特殊情況的總結。

- Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species. / 人們普遍相信物種不變性的原因。

- How far the theory of natural selection may be extended. / 自然選擇理論可能延伸的範圍。

- Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural history. / 其被採用對自然歷史研究的影響。

- Concluding remarks. / 結語。