更新於 2024/11/11閱讀時間約 34 分鐘

幽門螺旋桿菌——從胃炎到免疫疾病

幽門螺旋桿菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)或簡稱幽門桿菌,是一種相當古老的細菌。以人類作為唯一宿主的幽門桿菌和人類的關係密不可分,研究認為,早在距今6萬年以前,幽門桿菌就跟著人類從非洲一起遷徙到世界各地。依據基因序列來分類,目前幽門桿菌可分為7個大群,而不同細菌族群之間的演化關係則可以反映出人類的遷徙歷程。隨著漢藏(Sino-Tibetan)語系的其中一支往東南遷徙,幽門桿菌的分佈遍及中國、韓國,與日本,並且演化為東亞型(hpEastAsia)。在東亞型幽門桿菌落腳臺灣以後,大約在5千年前,人類又帶著幽門桿菌一起進入「南島語族大遷徙(Austronesian expansion)」,以臺灣為起點,經由菲律賓、玻里尼西亞,而前往太平洋島嶼與紐西蘭。在跳島式的遷徙過程中,幽門桿菌加快了演化速度,而形成另外一個特殊亞群,稱為毛利亞型(hspMaori)。對於人類與幽門桿菌來說,臺灣不只是東亞的盡頭,更是航海的起點。無論從語言學、考古學、遺傳學,或是從微生物學來看,臺灣都是「南島語族(Austronesian)」的發源地。

幽門桿菌相當常見,全世界有超過半數的人都曾經受到幽門桿菌感染,而臺灣20歲以上成人幽門桿菌的盛行率為30%。幽門桿菌感染所引發的慢性胃炎則被視為是一種傳染病。對於受到幽門桿菌感染且具有消化不良症狀的患者,大約每9人當中有1人在接受幽門桿菌根除治療以後其症狀可獲得改善。除了慢性胃炎以外,幽門桿菌感染也可能引發消化性潰瘍、胃腺癌,以及胃黏膜相關淋巴組織淋巴瘤。歐洲馬斯垂克VI/佛羅倫斯共識報告指出有90%的胃癌發生與幽門桿菌感染有關,而幽門桿菌也早已被世界衛生組織歸類為「第一類致癌物(class I human carcinogen)」。對於使用非類固醇消炎止痛藥或阿斯匹靈的患者而言,幽門桿菌感染則會進一步增加消化性潰瘍出血的發生風險。另外,未經根除治療的幽門桿菌感染患者長期使用氫離子幫浦抑制劑可能更容易發生萎縮性胃炎(atrophic gastritis),而萎縮性胃炎則被視為胃癌的癌前病變。相反地,幽門桿菌根除治療則有助於降低胃癌等併發症的發生風險,越早進行根除治療,防止胃癌發生的效益越高。

幽門桿菌感染可能會誘發某些自體抗體的製造,而來自於幽門桿菌的某些毒素,例如CagA蛋白,則會導致發炎性細胞激素(pro-inflammatory cytokines)的分泌增加。Yamanishi等人的研究報告指出幽門桿菌對於B細胞的長期刺激與類風濕因子(rheumatoid factor)的製造有關。最近,Wu等人則發現幽門桿菌感染會造成蛋白質的瓜胺酸化、並且可能進一步導致抗瓜胺酸抗體(anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies)的製造,進而產生類風濕性關節炎。此外,臺中榮總李姿瑄醫師等人發現幽門桿菌感染與類風濕性關節炎的發生風險增加有關,特別是在30歲以下的年輕人。另一方面,幽門桿菌感染也可能與關節炎的嚴重程度有關。Ebrahimi等人發現,在類風濕性關節炎患者當中,幽門桿菌感染與較高的發炎指數有關,而來自幽門桿菌的CagA蛋白則和關節炎活動度(DAS28)的上升有關。相反地,Zentilin等人的研究報告則指出,對於受到幽門桿菌感染的類風濕性關節炎患者,在接受幽門桿菌根除治療以後其關節炎活動度在2年內可出現持續性的改善。

早在1995年,Showji等人就已發現乾燥症患者會有較高比例的人在血清學檢查發現幽門桿菌感染現象。Aragona等人則認為來自幽門桿菌的一種蛋白質HSP60與乾燥症的發生有關。除此之外,臺中榮總吳孟哲醫師等人則發現幽門桿菌感染也和紅斑性狼瘡的發生風險增加有關;其中,在30歲以下的年輕女性,有幽門桿菌感染的人發生紅斑性狼瘡的風險是其他人的12倍。相反地,及早根除治療幽門桿菌或許有助於降低紅斑性狼瘡的發生風險。在Surawut等人的小鼠實驗當中,幽門桿菌感染與抗雙股DNA抗體等自體抗體的製造以及紅斑性狼瘡疾病活動度增加有關。然而並非所有研究報告都顯示幽門桿菌感染與自體免疫發生率的增加有關。根據Youssefi等人的統合分析研究,或許只有特定種類的幽門桿菌,例如會製造CagA蛋白的菌種,和自體免疫疾病的發生有關。有趣的是,Ishikawa等人發現,在類風濕性關節炎患者當中,接受抗風濕病藥物sulfasalazine治療的患者出現幽門桿菌感染的比例較低,而類似的現象也曾在發炎性腸道疾病患者中發現。

同樣備受討論的是幽門桿菌感染與慢性自發性蕁麻疹的關係。根據Abdou等人的研究報告,在慢性蕁麻疹患者當中,有幽門桿菌感染的人其蕁麻疹症狀較為嚴重,而蕁麻疹的嚴重度也和幽門桿菌的菌量與胃的發炎程度有關。Gu等人的統合分析研究則發現,與其他人相比,慢性蕁麻疹患者有較高的比例受到幽門桿菌感染。Bakos等人認為,來自於幽門桿菌的一種脂蛋白lipoprotein 20所引發的抗體反應可能與蕁麻疹的產生有關。Hizal等人的研究報告則發現幽門桿菌抗體與自體血清皮膚測試(ASST)陽性之間的關聯,並且根據這項發現來推測幽門桿菌感染或許與抗FcεRI抗體與抗IgE抗體等自體抗體的產生有關。此外,Tan等人則認為某些來自於幽門桿菌、具有特定分子量的蛋白質,可直接刺激肥大細胞釋放組織胺而引發蕁麻疹。在國際性的蕁麻疹治療指引以及我國的蕁麻疹治療共識當中,皆把幽門桿菌感染列為導致慢性自發性蕁麻疹發生的可能因素之一。雖然如此,目前醫學界對於幽門桿菌根除治療是否有助於改善蕁麻疹仍缺乏共識。

當澳洲醫師馬歇爾(Barry Marshall)與華倫(Robin Warren)在1980年代成功培養出幽門桿菌,他們推翻了醫學界長久以來對於消化性潰瘍的錯誤觀念。目前已經知道,幽門桿菌才是造成消化性潰瘍的主要原因,而非壓力或特定的飲食習慣。當初為了能夠證明這件事,馬歇爾還曾經親自喝下含有大量幽門桿菌的水溶液,並且將實驗結果發表在《澳洲醫學期刊》上。馬歇爾與華倫兩人也因為幽門桿菌這個重要發現,而在2005年獲頒諾貝爾生理醫學獎。在大多數(90%)的情況下,幽門桿菌在兒童時期就經由口腔進入人體,並且造成終生感染。雖然所有受到幽門桿菌感染的人都會出現胃炎,但其中只有20%的感染者會有症狀。不同研究指出,在幽門桿菌感染者的一生當中,有10%會發生消化性潰瘍,而1-5%會出現胃癌。與歐美國家所盛行的歐洲型(hpEurope)相比,東亞型幽門桿菌具有更高的致癌性,這解釋了為什麼臺灣與日本、韓國、中國同樣是胃癌好發國家。我國消化系醫學會建議民眾接受幽門桿菌篩檢,尤其是50歲以上、或一等親有胃癌家族史者。

目前幽門桿菌的非侵入性檢測方式包括碳13尿素吹氣法、幽門桿菌糞便抗原檢驗,以及血清學檢驗。需要透過胃鏡切片進行的幽門桿菌的檢測方式則包括病理組織學檢測、快速尿素酶檢測,以及幽門桿菌培養。在非侵入性檢測方式當中,碳13尿素吹氣法的敏感度為95%,而幽門桿菌糞便抗原檢驗的敏感度亦可達90%以上。健保署已於今年8月1日起擴大給付範圍,當經過碳13尿素吹氣法、幽門桿菌糞便抗原檢驗,或者是胃鏡切片檢查證實為幽門桿菌感染者,予以給付初次幽門桿菌根除治療所需藥費。只是經過根除治療以後仍可能再次感染幽門桿菌,每年的再感染率約為3%;但若大多數社區感染者皆能夠接受根除治療,每年的再感染率則可降低至小於1%。由於幽門桿菌為經口傳染,因此使用公筷母匙、避免共杯共食有助於預防再次感染。此外,由於抽菸與過多的鹽份攝取會進一步增加胃癌發生風險,因此最好也要避免。對於有上消化道症狀或有自費篩檢意願者,建議可前往臺南市立醫院肝膽腸胃科就醫,以評估進一步檢查與幽門桿菌根除治療的需要。


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