上一篇內線交易-(2)信賴關係理論|Chiarella v. United States(1980)所提到的信賴關係理論將內線交易主體嚴格限縮在與交易相對人具有信賴關係的內部人,造成適用上過於狹隘,反而無法達成禁止利用不公平優勢地位獲取不法利益的立法目的。因此法院後來在Dirks v. SEC, 463 U.S. 646 (1983)一案中發展出消息傳遞理論,此理論主要在處理非內部人卻因為內部人之傳遞而取得內線消息,並利用該消息進行證券交易的情形。
另外,消息傳遞理論在運用上仍扣緊受託義務與信賴關係的聯繫,性質上為信賴關係理論的補充及延伸,而不是獨立的理論。
洩漏消息的內部人:Tipper(消息傳遞者)
接受消息的外部人:Tippee(消息受領者)
Dirks, a New York broker-dealer firm officer, specialized in providing investment analysis for insurance company securities to institutional investors. One day, he received information from a former Equity Funding of America(FEA) officer alleging their assets were overstated due to fraud.In Dirks’ investigation, the senior management denied any wrongdoing, but certain corporation employees corroborated the charges of fraud.
Despite Dirks and his firm not owning Equity Funding stock, he openly discussed the information with clients and investors, throughout his investigation. Some thereby sold their Equity Funding holdings, safeguarding themselves against potential losses stemming from the plummeting price of EFA.
The SEC found he had aided and abetted violations of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by sharing the fraud allegations.
Dirks是紐約一間證券經紀自營商的高級職員,專們為機構投資者提供保險公司的證券投資分析。有一天他收到EFA(主要是銷售人壽保險與共同基金的公司)前高級職員的消息,指控EFA的資產有不實虛報。在Dirks的調查中,FEA的高級管理人員否認了財報不實的情形,然而某些員工承認確有此事。
儘管Dirks和他的公司並未持EFA的股票,但在調查過程中,他與他的客戶和投資者討論了這項消息,其中一些人因此賣出了所持有的EFA股票,並因而免於受到消息公開後股價急速下架的損失。
SEC認為Dirks因為分享消息而構成協助和教唆他人違反證券交易法市場詐欺的規定,因此向Dirks提出告訴。
A tippee’s duty to disclose or abstain is derivative from that of the insider’s duty. Tippees must assume an insider’s duty to the shareholders not because they receive inside information, but rather because it has been made available to them improperly.
法院首先說明為什麼不是內部人的消息受領人也要負內線交易的責任。其認為消息受領人的公開否則戒絕義務是從內部人的義務所衍生而來。而消息受領人之所以會繼受內部人的公開否則戒絕義務,並不僅僅是因為他們受領內部消息,而是因為這些消息被不正當地提拱給他們。
這裡法院貫徹了Chiarella案中所奠定原則,也就是單純持有未公開的內部消息並不會因此構成內線交易,內線交易的責任來自於「信賴關係」的破壞。因此只有當內部人將消息不正當地提供給消息受領人時,消息受領人才會繼受內部人的義務。
A tippee assumes a fiduciary duty to the shareholders of a corporation not to trade on material nonpublic information only when the insider has constituted a breach of the insider’s fiduciary duty to the shareholders by disclosing the information to the tippee and the tippee knows or should know that there has been a breach.
法院認爲只有在兩個要件都成立的前提之下,消息受領人才會繼受內部人的受託義務。首先,內部人是在違反受託義務的情形下將內部消息洩漏給消息受領人;第二則是,消息受領人明知或可得而知消息傳遞人是違反受託義務的。
Whether disclosure is a breach of duty depends in large part on the personal benefit the insider receives as a result of the disclosure. Absent an improper purpose, there is no breach of duty to stockholders.
Thus, the test is whether the insider personally will benefit, directly or indirectly, from his disclosure. Absent some personal gain, there has been no breach of duty to stockholders. And absent a breach by the insider, there is no derivative breach.
內部人將消息洩露給消息收領者是否構成義務違反,主要取決於該內部人是否因此行為而獲得個人利益。如果內部人可以從中獲得個人利益,無論是直接地或間接地,那麼他將消息洩露給消息受領者的行為就已經違反其對股東的受託義務,因而產生了消息受領人的派生義務。
簡單來說消息傳遞者沒有不當目的就不會有義務違反的問題,而沒有消息傳遞者的義務違反就不會有消息受領者繼受義務違反的問題。
Tippee responsibility must be related back to insider responsibility by a necessary finding that the tippee knew the information was given to him in breach of a duty by a person having a special relationship to the issuer not to disclose the information.
Where tippees, regardless of their motivation or occupation, come into possession of material corporate information that they know is confidential and know or should know came from a corporate insider, they must either publicly disclose that information or refrain from trading.”
而消息受領人之所以會繼受內部人的責任是因為他“知道”這項消息是由與股票發行人具有特殊關係的人(也就是具有受託義務的內部人)違反不能洩漏消息的義務而提供給他。
無論消息受領人的動機或地位為何,只要他知道他持有的公司重大消息為機密,而且明知或可得而知是來自於公司內部人,他們就負有公開否則戒絕的義務。
The tippers received no monetary or personal benefit for revealing Equity Funding’s secrets, nor was their purpose to make a gift of valuable information to Dirks. As the facts of this case clearly indicate, the tippers were motivated by a desire to expose the fraud. In the absence of a breach of duty to shareholders by the insiders, there was no derivative breach by Dirks.
在本案中,消息傳遞者並沒有因為洩漏EFA的秘密而獲得任何金錢或個人利益,而且他們的目的也不是要把有價值的消息作為禮物讓Dirks圖利。事實上,消息傳遞者只是想要把公司的詐欺行為公諸於世。因此在內部人沒有違反義務的情況下,Dirks 也不會有繼受義務的違反。
在消息傳遞理論下,內部人將消息偷偷告訴家人、朋友也會構成內線交易,擴大了信賴關係理論的範圍,但是如果今天不是內部人洩漏消息,而是外部人自己把消息偷偷拿來使用呢?例如老闆的司機還有髮婆聽到老闆在談重大消息時可以偷偷用來交易嗎?答案請待下回揭曉~