古代的魔法油：從聖經到歐洲的宗教與魔法應用
現在市面上魔法商品以”魔法油“的販售最為大宗，所有現代的巫師、魔法師幾乎都會製作， 並且，不論是網路搜尋或者關於魔法配方的書籍也非常多，但在古代關於“油”在宗教/魔法使用 又是如何呢？
先從聖經找幾個例子：
Gen. xxviii. 18 （創世記. 二十八. 18）：
18 Then Jacob rose early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put at his head, set it up as a pillar, and poured oil on top of it. 19 And he called the name of that place Bethel;
18 雅各清早起來，把枕的那塊石頭立成柱子作記號，在上面澆上油。 19 他稱那地方為伯特利
(Lev. viii. 12）（利未記. 八. 12）：
12 And he poured some of the anointing oil on Aaron’s head and anointed him, to consecrate him.
12 然後，摩西把膏油倒在亞倫頭上膏立他，使他聖潔
( Exod. xxix. )(出埃及記. 二十九. ）:
Aaron and His Sons Consecrated 7 And you shall take the anointing oil, pour it on his head, and anoint him.
7 之後，把膏油倒在他的頭上，立他為祭司。
( Lev. viii. 10, 11) （利未記. 八. 10,11）：
10 Also Moses took the anointing oil, and anointed the tabernacle and all that was in it, and consecrated them. 11 He sprinkled some of it on the altar seven times, anointed the altar and all its utensils, and the laver and its base, to consecrate them
10 摩西拿膏油抹聖幕和聖幕裡的一切物件，使它們聖潔； 11 再用膏油在祭壇上灑七次，又抹祭壇和祭壇上的器具、洗濯盆和盆座，使它們聖潔。
( Lev.x. 7)（利未記. 十. 7）：
7 You shall not go out from the door of the tabernacle of meeting, lest you die, for the anointing oil of the Lord is upon you.” And they did according to the word of Moses.
7 你們不可走出會幕門口，否則你們都會死，因為耶和華的膏油在你們身上。」他們就遵照摩西的話去做。
( I Sam. X. I. )（撒母耳記上10:1）:
Then Samuel took a flask of oil and poured it on his head, and kissed him and said: “Is it not because the Lord has anointed you commander over His inheritance?
撒母耳把一瓶膏油倒在掃羅的頭上，親吻他，說：「耶和華已經膏立你做祂子民的首領。
( I Sam. xvi. 13. )(撒母耳記上16:13):
13 Then Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed him in the midst of his brothers; and the Spirit of the Lord came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel arose and went to Ramah. 13 撒母耳就拿出盛膏油的角，當著他哥哥們的面膏立他。從那天起，耶和華的靈降在大衛身上。事後，撒母耳回拉瑪去了。
( I King i )(列王紀上.1)：
34 There let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him king over Israel;
34 撒督祭司和拿單先知要在那裡膏立他為以色列王
39 Then Zadok the priest took a horn of oil from the tabernacle and anointed Solomon.
39 撒督祭司從聖幕裡拿來盛膏油的角，膏立所羅門為王
(Lev.xiv. 15-18) (利未記. 十四. 15~18）： 15 And the priest shall take some of the log of oil, and pour itinto the palm of his own left hand. 16 Then the priest shall dip his right finger in the oil that is in his left hand, and shall sprinkle some of the oil with his finger seven times before the Lord. 17 And of the rest of the oil in his hand, the priest shall put some on the tip of the right ear of him who is to be cleansed, on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot, on the blood of the trespass offering. 18 The rest of the oil that is in the priest’s hand he shall put on the head of him who is to be cleansed. So the priest shall make atonement for him before the Lord.
15 祭司要拿那杯油，倒一些在自己左手掌中， 16 用一根右手指蘸左手掌裡的油，在耶和華面前彈灑七次， 17 然後用手掌中剩下的油抹求潔淨者的右耳垂、右手大拇指和右腳大腳趾，就是抹了贖過祭祭牲血的地方。 18 祭司要把手掌裡剩下的油抹在求潔淨者的頭上。這樣，祭司在耶和華面前為他贖了罪。
::在亞述，紀念石和石碑也會用油膏塗抹。 ( col. viii. 47-48) https://sacred-texts.com/ane/rp/rp201/rp20129.htm
提格拉·帕列瑟一世Tiglath-Pileser I（公元前十二世紀末）說：
47. the monumental-stones of Samas-Rimmon, 48. my (fore)father I have anointed with oil
我用油膏抹了祖先薩姆西·拉瑪恩(Samsi-Ramman )的紀念石
:: 在希臘，
油也被用於奉獻。參見黑斯廷斯Hastings的《聖經詞典》，第一卷，第101頁。
油在魔法的使用
在Zimmern出版的Ritualtafeln中，油被多次提及為魔法中的重要元素。在J. Hunger發佈的古巴比倫文本中，我們發現了通過油進行占卜。從Tallqvist出版的Maklu文本 中的一段咒語中也可以看出油在巴比倫魔法中的重要性：
“Incantation. Bright oil, pure oil,
shining oil, the purifying oil of the gods,
oil which softens the sinews of man.
With the oil of the incantation of Ea,
with the oil of the incan-tation of Marduk
I have made thee drip;
with the oil of softening
which Ea has given for soothing
I have anointed thee ;
oil of life I have put on thee.”
“咒語。明亮的油，純淨的油，
閃耀的油，神的淨化油，
軟化人的筋骨的油。
用Ea的咒語油，
用Marduk的咒語油，
我讓你滴下；
用Ea賜予的舒緩油，
我已經膏抹你；
生命之油，
我已經塗在你身上”
:: 註 Ea 和 Marduk 這兩位是巴比倫偉大的魔法和占卜之神。
埃及魔法
以下摘自上述紙莎草文稿的段落將有助於清楚地顯示出埃及油魔法的巴比倫起源：
{The spell] which you say to to the oil put it on the sting daily : ‘ Isis sat reciting to the oil Abartat and lamenting (?) to the true oil , saying, “ Thou being praised, I will praise thee, O oil , I will praise thee, thou being praised by the Agathodaemon ; thou being applauded (?) by me myself, I will praise thee for ever, O herb-oil —— otherwise true Oil ———sweat of the Agathodaemon, amulet (?) of Geb. It is Isis who makes invocation to the oil ‘ ( Griffith and Thompson, I.e., p. 131, lines 17-22).
你對油說，並每日將其塗在刺痛處：‘伊希斯坐著向油背誦阿巴塔特，並對真正的油悲嘆（？），說：「你被讚美，我將讚美你，噢，油，我將讚美你，你被阿加托戴蒙讚美；你被我自己稱讚（？），我將永遠讚美你，噢，草藥油——或者真正的油——阿加托戴蒙的汗水，蓋布的護身符（？）。伊希斯向油祈禱”’
:: 這顯示了埃及在使用油進行占卜方面與巴比倫的相似之處，並進一步支持了油魔法從幼發拉底河流域傳入埃及的觀點。
由格里菲斯和湯普森出版的《倫敦和萊頓的世俗魔法紙莎草文稿》中充滿了油占卜， 並且與巴比倫魔法文本以及這裡發佈的猶太文本有許多驚人的相似之處。 毫無疑問，這種形式的魔法是從幼發拉底河流域傳入埃及的。 這些行文字讀起來似乎是基於上述引自《Maklu》文本的段落（第4頁），明顯地顯示出埃及油魔法的巴比倫起源。
在歐洲
《The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 》裡有一段： About, about, in reel and rout, The death-fires danced at night; The water, like a witch's oils, Burnt green, and blue and white. 顯示了油在歐洲魔法中的應用，進一步證明了其作為魔法元素的廣泛使用兩河流域文化對魔法和巫術領域影響非常，。越是深入研究古代文獻，越能看到蘇美-巴比倫各種傳統形式如何傳播到整個古代文明世界，以及如何延續至今。
參考書目：
《Babylonian Oil Magic in the Talmud and in the later Jewish Literature 》
《The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 》
《The Magical Ceremony Maqlû》
