【Comment】The U.S. finally announced on December 21that Taiwan has been officially listed as a “candidate” for the U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP). One year ago, the Ma administration made a preliminary notice that the US would grant its visa waiver for Taiwan, not just a candidate. The US, strictly speaking, does not give MYJ full support. However, the timing is critical.
As the US announced the decision just three weeks before 2012 Presidential Election, some scholars as well as Taiwanese see the move taken by the Department of State as a support for MYJ, while the Obama administration has vowed not to take sides in the election. An article entitled US Prefers Ma but will work with Tsai detailed this:
Obama administration officials’ preference for a Ma victory is also a consequence of their hope to avoid introducing additional contentious issues to the increasingly complicated US-China agenda. Bilateral tensions have run high in recent years over a long list of issues, including North Korea, South China Sea, China’s military modernization, and China’s currency valuation and trade practices. US arms sales to Taiwan in January 2010 and September 2011 infuriated the Chinese and soured US-China relations as well, but the impact was relatively confined and short lived compared to the likely Chinese reaction to the return of the DPP to power. Past experience demonstrates that when Chinese fears of Taiwan independence spike, other issues are crowded out in US-Chinese consultations, making compromises and solving problems even more difficult than usual.
Another article Is America sticking a hand in the election? told a similar story.
It is logical for the US to consider its policies and make decisions in terms of its national interests. The point is: Has DPP changed after 2008? MYJ was, in fact, communicating with Beijing and Washington D.C., not Taiwanese voters, when he asserted in the Presidential debate on TV that Tsai Ing-wen had been re-shaped by DPP’s culture – and he did it without solid evidence. He was asking for foreign helps. And, judging from what the US has done during the election, Ma apparently has got it. revised at 1550
近日,美國宣布台灣為免美簽的「候選」國。其實,約一年之前馬政府的預告是「實現免簽」而不是列為「候選」而已。嚴格說來,美國政府的「候選」宣佈是漏馬政府的氣。可是,「時機」是重點。美國選在這選前三週給馬政府送柴火(當然,還有高官陸續到訪),觀察者認為是國務院暗助馬英九。這與美國所宣稱的對選舉中立,無異極大的諷刺甚至是虛偽。已有文章:US Prefers Ma but will work with Tsai示警。
歐巴馬政府的高階官員當然傾向於馬英九勝選,因為他們不希望愈來愈複雜的美中關係又增添爭論性的議題。因為北韓、南海、中國軍隊現代化、中國幣值及貿易行為諸項問題,美中關係最近幾年升高緊張。2010及2011美國軍售台灣激怒中國,也使得美中關係不甚愉快,但是,如果跟DPP回鍋掌權相比,這都不算嚴重,時間也不長。過去的經驗顯示,當中國對台獨的疑懼升高時,美中關係的其他議題就會受到排擠,使得問題的妥協與解決變得比平常還困難。
另一篇文章:Is America sticking a hand in the election? 也觀察到類似現象。美國也有其自身利益的考慮,就美國而言也不無道理。面對不可改變的情勢,台灣派的重點在於:2008年下台後民進黨轉型了沒?馬在電視辯論會上獨斷定義:「是民進黨改變小英」,這話並不是說給台灣選民聽的,是講給華盛頓與北京聽的——言外之意是要求暗助。而他也得到了。台灣人,聽懂了?
台灣2012總統選舉與兩岸關係◎CSIS / Bonnie Glaser and Brittany Billingsley(2011.11) / 雲程譯
Taiwan’s 2012 Presidential Elections and Cross-Strait Relations – Implications for the United States
http://csis.org/files/publication/111114_Glaser_Taiwan2012_WEB.pdf
論文摘要
自從馬英九2008年5月在台灣就任總統,台灣海峽兩岸的關係就巨幅改善。在過去三年半中,簽署了16項實務性協議,並大幅嘉惠兩岸人民。
預定在2012年元月14日在台灣舉行的總統選舉,無論結果如何都將衝擊兩岸關係。假使馬勝選連任,北京可能更急切的推行快速的統一進程,並施壓馬英九政府展開解決歧見的政治會談。由於缺乏島內的共識,兩岸會談將極端的歧異,而很可能會在台灣與雙方間產生反彈。
假使民進黨的蔡英文獲勝,挑戰將是另一種。蔡不太可能會接受北京所設下的對台兩根支柱:有關「一中」的九二共識,以及反對台灣獨立。假使台北與北京無法達成指導關係的新構想,兩岸交流有可能會減緩甚至於交涉停止。最壞的猜想是,如民進黨陳水扁第一次執政期間(2000-2008)的緊張會再度發生。11月的民調顯示兩人平分秋色。
北京急切關注台灣的總統選舉,北京領導階層對於民進黨執政下維持兩岸關係的前景持悲觀態度。一些中國學者認為民進黨的重新執政將帶給胡錦濤追求 「和平發展」的政策內部的批判,並迫使他採取強硬的態度。在中國進行權力轉換前夕出現這類發展,將影響新領導階層的人事佈局與政策。
由於接近選舉,官方正式討論軍事互信(CBMs)仍為禁忌,但有部分學者私下認為假使馬英九連任軍事互信可以提上檯面來做。台北提出追求兩岸軍事互信的決定,以及假使獲得台灣大多數人民支持並在自願而非強迫的狀況下展開政治對話,都將會獲得美國支持。
馬總統說假使符合三個前提:取得台灣人民在公投中的強烈支持;國家有需要;以及在立法院監督下,台灣將「謹慎考慮」(cautiously consider)在下一個十年內與中國簽署和平協議。
美國視台灣即將到來的選舉充滿危機。華盛頓對於台灣自由、公正與公開的總統選舉有利益,而不是支持哪位特定候選人。同時,對要管理與北京牽涉更廣泛的經濟、政治與安全議題的美國而言,保持兩岸和平與穩定特別重要。