appearance—she wanted to maintain her youthful looks and pursued that goal with plastic surgery.
外貌——她希望保持年輕的外表，並以整形手術來達成這個目標。Unfortunately, her multiple operations may have worsened her memory and accelerated her brain aging.
不幸的是，多次手術可能讓她的記憶力惡化，加速了大腦老化。
Although general anesthesia in older adults increases risk of short-term confusion and long-term cognitive decline, studies of cognitive training prior to and following surgery show promise that daily training sessions may mitigate cognitive symptoms.
雖然老年人接受全身麻醉會增加短期混亂和長期認知退化的風險，但手術前後進行認知訓練的研究顯示，每日訓練有助於減輕認知症狀。
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**YOU ARE INNATELY SMARTER THAN YOU THINK**
**你的天生聰明超乎你的想像**
I am confident that your brain can unscramble the following sentence quickly:
我相信你的大腦能很快解讀以下這句亂序句子：
Teh ringt psyichal adn mtneal eerxcsie acn ekep oury bairn oyugn.
The right physical and mental exercise can keep your brain young.
正確的身體與心智運動可以讓你的大腦保持年輕。
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**Meet My Friend What's His Name**
**遇見我的朋友，那個叫什麼名字？**
I recently ran into a work colleague at the movies, and he paused before introducing me to his wife.
我最近在電影院遇到一位同事，他在介紹我給他太太認識前猶豫了一下。
I suspected he'd momentarily forgotten my name, so I quickly introduced myself as I shook her hand.
我懷疑他一時忘了我的名字，所以我主動自我介紹並與她握手。
Perhaps he was distracted by the activity in the busy lobby or just thrown by seeing me out of context, but that kind of memory slip could have been an indirect clue to his brain age.
也許是因為大廳太吵雜，或是因為在非工作場合遇到我而感到突然，但這種記憶失誤也可能間接反映他的腦齡。
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Memory slips, or "senior moments," result from the wear and tear of aging on our brains.
記憶失誤，也就是「老年時刻」，是大腦老化磨損的結果。
This wear and tear comes from oxidative stress, inflammation, and other chemical alterations that deteriorate our neurons.
這些磨損來自氧化壓力、發炎及其他化學變化，會損害我們的神經元。
Age-related memory declines can be easily assessed with neuropsychological examinations or standardized pencil-and-paper tests.
與年齡相關的記憶衰退可以透過神經心理測試或標準化紙筆測驗輕易評估。
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In 2012, French scientist Archana Singh-Manoux and her colleagues reported results of their 10-year study of cognitive skills in 7,000 middle-aged and older civil servants.
2012年，法國科學家Archana Singh-Manoux及其團隊公布了他們針對7,000名中老年公務員進行的十年認知能力研究結果。
They showed that for most people in their mid-40s, memory and reasoning skills decline by more than 3 percent per decade.
他們發現，對多數40多歲的人而言，記憶力和推理能力每十年下降超過3%。
By their mid-60s, that aging process accelerates to greater than 7 percent each decade.
到六十多歲時，這個老化速度加快，每十年下降超過7%。
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One of the most important forms of short-term memory that declines with age is known as working memory,
隨著年齡增長，最重要且會衰退的短期記憶形式之一是「工作記憶」，
which allows us to hold new information in mind long enough to use it, discard it, or send it to long-term memory stores.
工作記憶讓我們能暫時保存新資訊，足以使用、丟棄或轉存到長期記憶庫。
We use our working memory every day to help us recall where we put things, call phone numbers we've just heard, solve problems, and quickly perform almost any kind of mental work.
我們每天都會用到工作記憶，幫助我們記得東西放在哪、剛聽到的電話號碼、解決問題，以及快速完成各種心智工作。
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In a joint US and UK study, researchers identified the earliest signs of brain aging by measuring visual working memory—the ability to keep a visual image in mind for a short period of time.
在一項美英聯合研究中，研究人員以「視覺工作記憶」——即短時間內記住視覺影像的能力——來辨識大腦老化最早的跡象。
In the study, more than 55,000 volunteers from age 8 to 75 looked at various objects for a few moments and then tried to remember their shapes and colors.
在該研究中，超過55,000名8至75歲志願者短暫觀看各種物體，然後嘗試記住它們的形狀和顏色。
