看起來超像標題殺人,但自認是多少有點真材實料的喇。想想這一篇發文的時間點好像有點太晚,總之家裡還有春聯紙的就拿出來一起玩吧。 「新年快樂」與「歲月平安」 首先,「新年快樂」——台灣人過年過節的慶賀語動不動就要「快樂」這一點,之於古北歐人是相當滑稽的,現代北歐人亦是;說起來,怎樣的環境造就怎樣的需求,只能說北歐人現在應該是偏頗快樂的。那麼,過新年時他們怎麼祝福彼此呢? 「Gótt nýtt ár」(Old Norse) 「祝好新年」 以維京時代(西元 793–1066 年)使用的盧恩文字「後弗薩克」(Younger Futhark) 改寫後為: ᚴᚢᛏ᛫ᚾᚢᛏ᛫ᛅᚱ 需要注意的是,雖然這種寫法符合盧恩文字的刻寫習慣,也符合古北歐語的語法;然而,由於沒有相應的文物與文獻能佐證這種做法,所以,這單純是猜想而非還原傳統喲。 「góðr」是「好」、「善」、「讚」的意思,這裡寫成「gótt」是為了修飾後面的「nýtt ár」做了詞性變化;「nýtt」是「nýr」,「新」的意思,為了修是「ár」做了詞性變化;最後「ár」則是複數名詞的「年」。 除此之外,還有另一句更常使用,且至今冰島人也會使用的新年祝賀語: https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan24-5.pdf?fdfr https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan24-4.pdf?vax https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan24-3.pdf?vwe https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan24-2.pdf?jyt https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan24-1.pdf?cwe https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan23-1.pdf?fgt https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan23-2.pdf?vbtr https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan23-3.pdf?gty https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan23-4.pdf?gty https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan23-5.pdf?cvcew https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan22-5.pdf?vrx https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan22-4.pdf?gty https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan22-3.pdf?yxc https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan22-2.pdf?gty https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan22-1.pdf?gty https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan21-1.pdf? 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https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan15-3.pdf?kbs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan15-4.pdf?kbs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan15-5.pdf?kbs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan14-1.pdf?kbs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan14-2.pdf?nmk https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan14-3.pdf? https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan14-4.pdf?kbs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan14-5.pdf?bgu https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan13-1.pdf?yui https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan13-2.pdf?klp https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan13-3.pdf?nmk https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan13-4.pdf?rex https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan13-5.pdf?tyz https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan12-1.pdf?ikix https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan12-2.pdf?dcs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan12-3.pdf? https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan12-4.pdf?kbs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan12-5.pdf?iko https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan11-1.pdf?yui https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan11-2.pdf?kbs https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan11-3.pdf?kdw https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan11-4.pdf?qwx https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan11-5.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan10-1.pdf?ghf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan10-2.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan10-3.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan10-4.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan10-5.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan09-1.pdf? https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan09-1.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan09-1.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan09-1.pdf?kgf https://www.fmarion.edu/wp-content/uploads/formidable/68/marathan09-1.pdf? https://pastelink.net/8qly66h4 https://paste2.org/LsDBbbhw https://bitbin.it/bGbZGdzt/ http://paste.jp/bc3c3b3f/ https://paste.rs/rCt https://dotnetfiddle.net/B0LfPk https://dotnetfiddle.net/srcru7 https://rextester.com/JYB42627 https://yamcode.com/nlia2kkikk https://jsitor.com/57wETuDTu1 https://paiza.io/projects/EEHbiIVzhe668NHdaVUTRw https://ide.geeksforgeeks.org/c87f181a-d61c-4fc8-b774-b19e8182f063 https://pastebin.com/NLaZCTTR https://controlc.com/62554769 https://forum.techtudo.globo.com/perguntas/570444/jkhjkrftyfffffffffffffffffffffff https://www.justgiving.com/crowdfunding/ghfdrt-ghfhwer-hjdttre-khfghrew/ https://www.vingle.net/posts/5239490 「til」和英文的「to」基本上意義一樣,這必須看脈絡決定它如何翻譯成中文;「árs」是「ár」的所有格不定單數(對,少了「s」反而是複數);「friðar」是名詞「friðr」的所有格不定詞性狀態,意思是「和平」或「愛」,根據前後文脈絡決定指涉對象,這裡我基於華人新年的習慣將之譯為「平安」。 以上是最常見古北歐語風格新年祝賀語,歡迎大家多多利用,拿去迷惑長輩或耍帥都殼蟻,但記得分享本文! 「綁定盧恩」是一種「招財進寶」? 綁定盧恩 (Bindrune) 之前簡略地提過,恰好趁著年節的機會再多說一些。 在賦予盧恩文字各種神祕或玄奧的象徵以前,須知它的可理解性最初仍是來自它是一種書寫系統中的「字母」,ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ 與 abcdef 在此層面上差不多。坊間常見的「盧恩符文」特別強調每一個字母獨具「名稱」,從衍伸出其他豐富的意義,不過老實說,每一個字母有自己的名,這件事情在古希臘文也是一樣的。「ᚬ」叫「Óss」,「ᛚ」叫「Lögr」;正如同「α」叫「ἄλφα」(Alpha),「β」叫「βῆτα」(Beta)——大家不要擔心,這裡沒又要突然開始算數學。 之前提到過,綁定盧恩出現的狀況大致不脫以下幾項: 基本上意思就是學者們目前為止沒有頭緒,畢竟如果知道是在加密什麼,那就已經不是密語或暗號,我們都能知道是什麼意思了。(4) 與 (3) 的情況常常曖昧不清,(4) 充其量只能說是對 (3) 的一種補充說明或猜想。當然,要繼續深挖下去也行,礙於篇幅,這裡就只討論 (1) 和 (2) 這兩種普遍有共識的多數案例。 是說,通訊協定的藍牙符號,設計發想也是一種綁定盧恩,由「ᚼ」加上「ᛒ」,兩個盧恩文字共用中央垂直線;指涉的是古北歐丹麥國王藍牙的哈拉爾 (Haraldr blátǫnn),「ᚼ」發音「h」、「ᛒ」發音「b」,作為縮寫的一種寫法。要說有什麼綁定盧恩明顯猶如魔法一般,我想縱觀古今大概就這個了吧? 有時字母縮寫用久了甚至可能成為新的字母,比方說「æ」是「a」和「e」,「ø」是「o」和「e」。現代常用的「&」也是拉丁文中代表「和」、「與」意思的「et」的「綁定拉丁文」。 回歸正題。最著名的綁定盧恩縮寫例子是 1937 年在挪威的布拉斯貝爾格農場 (Bratsberg) 發現的銀質胸針,定年西元 490-540 之間,上頭以後弗薩克盧恩文字 (Elder Futhark) 寫著「ᛖᚲᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ」(ekerilaz),以原始北歐語 (Proto-Norse)(以古弗薩克書寫的語族之一)來理解,目前也只知道「ᛖᚲ」是「我」的意思;「erilaz」儘管反覆出現在不同的銘文中,卻仍未精準掌握到詞意,目前僅猜想可能是部落名或職階等,而非人名。這份銘文使用許多綁定盧恩:「ᛖᚲ」、「ᛖᚱ」與「ᚨᛉ」都是。