書摘與觀點📚城市與可負擔住宅：規劃、設計與政策的全方位探究
The architectural book we will introduce to you today is:Cities and Affordable Housing: A Comprehensive Exploration of Planning, Design, and Policy
我們今天要為您介紹的建築專書是：《城市與可負擔住宅：規劃、設計與政策的全方位探究》。
Editor: Sasha Tsenkova, Publisher: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), Publication Year: 2022,
編者：莎夏‧沁可娃；出版社：Routledge（泰勒與弗朗西斯集團）；出版年份：2022；
Subject Areas: Urban planning, affordable housing, policy analysis, mixed-income housing strategies, social sustainability
含括領域：城市規劃、可負擔住宅、政策分析、混合收入住宅策略與社會永續。
We shall extract the key points sequentially in accordance with the chapters of the book.
我們將依照書中各章節的順序，逐一摘錄重點。
Chapter 1: Affordable Housing and the Future of Cities
第一章：可負擔住宅與城市未來
The chapter introduces the global affordable housing crisis, affecting 1.6 billion people, and its prioritization in the UN’s New Urban Agenda.
本章介紹了影響16億人口的全球可負擔住宅危機，並闡述了其在聯合國新城市議程中的優先地位。
It highlights the role of governments and cities in adopting strategies to improve affordability through partnerships and policy reforms.
文中著重說明了政府與城市如何藉由夥伴關係及政策改革，採取策略以改善住宅可負擔性。
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the significance of secure housing, prompting emergency measures such as rent freezes and modular housing solutions.
COVID-19 疫情更突顯了安全住房的重要性，催生了租金凍結與模組化住宅等緊急應對措施。
Long-term trends in social housing investment since the 1970s have resulted in varied housing models, with Europe leading in social market housing.
自1970年代以來，社會住宅投資的長期趨勢孕育出多元化的住房模式，其中歐洲在社會市場住宅方面處於領先地位。
The chapter establishes a conceptual framework for mixed-income housing strategies and partnership models in affordable housing, examining the effects of urban renewal programs and the role of municipal governance in sustaining housing affordability.
本章構建了一個關於混合收入住宅策略與夥伴模式的概念框架，探討都市更新計畫的效應以及市政治理在維持住宅可負擔性中的角色。
Additionally, it discusses case studies that illustrate how affordable housing initiatives shape urban development and impact socio-economic conditions.
此外，章中亦討論了多個案例，展示了可負擔住宅措施如何塑造城市發展並影響社會經濟狀況。
Chapter 2: Montréal: Building an Inclusive City
第二章：蒙特婁：打造包容城市
This chapter discusses Montréal’s commitment to inclusive housing policies, emphasizing social housing programs and mixed-income developments.
本章探討了蒙特婁對包容性住房政策的堅持，特別強調其社會住宅計畫與混合收入開發。
The city’s approach integrates public-private partnerships to support affordable housing production while maintaining social diversity.
該市的方法融合了公私合營機制，不僅支持可負擔住宅的建設，同時維護社會多元性。
It explores key strategies such as inclusionary zoning and subsidies for low-income residents.
文中深入探討了包容性分區規劃以及為低收入戶提供補貼等關鍵策略。
Challenges include balancing affordability with urban densification, addressing rising housing costs, and ensuring equitable access to housing resources across different neighborhoods.
面臨的挑戰包括如何在城市密集化與可負擔性之間取得平衡、應對不斷攀升的住房成本，以及確保各社區均能公平獲得住房資源。
The chapter also assesses the role of community-led initiatives and local governance in ensuring long-term affordability and explores how historic preservation efforts intersect with new housing policies.
本章亦評估了社區主導計畫與地方治理在確保長期可負擔性中的作用，同時探討了歷史保存與新型住房政策之間的交集。
Chapter 3: Affordable Housing and Diversity in Vancouver
第三章：溫哥華的可負擔住宅與多元面貌
Vancouver’s housing landscape reflects a diverse, multicultural population with increasing affordability challenges.
溫哥華的住房景觀展現出多元且多文化的社會，但同時面臨著日益嚴峻的可負擔性挑戰。
This chapter examines city-led initiatives, including zoning reforms, cooperative housing, and rental protection policies.
本章探討了由市府主導的各項措施，涵蓋分區改革、合作住宅及租賃保護政策。
Housing affordability is affected by factors such as foreign investments, speculative real estate practices, and demographic shifts.
住房的可負擔性受到外國投資、投機性房地產操作以及人口結構變化等多重因素的影響。
The city’s Sustainable Large Sites Policy promotes affordability by requiring social housing units within large developments.
溫哥華推行的大型永續用地政策，透過要求大型開發項目納入社會住宅單位，促進了住宅可負擔性的提升。
Despite progressive measures, accessibility to affordable units remains a challenge.
儘管採取了多項進步措施，但獲得可負擔住宅的途徑仍然充滿挑戰。
The chapter further explores policy tools designed to mitigate housing inequalities and the broader implications of gentrification on Vancouver’s affordability crisis.
本章更進一步探討了用以緩解住房不平等的政策工具，以及士紳化對溫哥華可負擔性危機的廣泛影響。
Chapter 4: Affordable Housing Transition in Calgary
第四章：卡爾加里可負擔住宅的轉型
Calgary’s transition in affordable housing is driven by municipal strategies emphasizing collaboration, financing models, and community partnerships.
卡爾加里在可負擔住宅領域的轉型，主要得益於市政策略所強調的合作精神、融資模式與社區夥伴關係。
The city’s growth has created pressures on rental housing, necessitating innovative policy tools such as secondary suites and incentive-based affordability programs.
該市的快速成長對租賃市場造成壓力，迫使政府採用如次要套房與激勵型可負擔性計畫等創新政策工具。
The role of Calgary Housing Company in providing subsidized rental units and developing sustainable housing projects is explored.
本章探討了卡爾加里住房公司在提供補貼租屋單位與發展永續住宅項目中的關鍵角色。
The chapter also highlights land-use planning and funding mechanisms that support long-term affordability goals.
同時，本章也強調了土地使用規劃與資金機制在支持長期可負擔性目標方面的重要作用。
Further analysis is provided on the impact of economic fluctuations and oil price dependency on Calgary’s housing affordability landscape.
此外，章中亦對經濟波動及對油價依賴對卡爾加里住房可負擔性格局的影響進行了深入分析。
Chapter 5: Affordable Housing Challenges: The Experience of the City of Edmonton
第五章：可負擔住宅的挑戰：埃德蒙頓市的經驗
Edmonton’s approach to affordable housing includes policies focused on long-term sustainability and community integration.
愛德蒙頓在可負擔住宅上的策略涵蓋了注重長期永續與社區融合的多項政策。
The city’s housing initiatives involve leveraging public land, mixed-use developments, and affordable rental programs.
該市的住房措施包括善用公共土地、推動混合用途開發以及實施可負擔租賃計畫。
The chapter discusses governance structures and funding limitations, particularly in the face of economic fluctuations.
本章討論了治理結構與資金限制，尤其在經濟波動的背景下更顯挑戰。
Edmonton’s regulatory framework supports diverse housing models, with an emphasis on non-profit housing providers and public-sector involvement.
愛德蒙頓的監管架構支援各式各樣的住房模式，特別強調非營利住宅供應商與公共部門的參與。
The chapter also delves into housing strategies aimed at addressing homelessness and providing long-term solutions for vulnerable populations.
本章更深入探討了解決無家可歸問題及為弱勢族群提供長期解決方案的住房策略。
Chapter 6: Responses to Toronto’s Affordable Housing Challenge
第六章：多倫多對可負擔住宅挑戰的應對策略
Toronto’s housing market is characterized by high demand and limited affordable rental stock.
多倫多的住房市場特徵為需求旺盛但可負擔租屋存量稀少。
The city’s response includes the Housing Now Initiative, which utilizes surplus public land to develop affordable rental housing.
該市的應對措施之一是「即刻住房計畫」，該計畫利用閒置公共土地發展可負擔租賃住宅。
The Open Door Program incentivizes private sector participation in social housing.
「開放大門計畫」則旨在激勵私人部門參與社會住宅建設。
Despite these efforts, affordability gaps persist due to rising real estate prices and economic pressures.
儘管如此，由於房地產價格攀升與經濟壓力，可負擔性缺口依然存在。
The chapter highlights policy instruments, financial incentives, and planning regulations aimed at increasing housing supply.
本章突顯了旨在提升住房供給的政策工具、財務激勵與規劃法規。
Additionally, it evaluates tenant rights legislation and examines the efficacy of eviction prevention measures.
此外，章中亦評估了租戶權益相關立法，並檢視防止驅逐措施的成效。
Chapter 7: Mix and Match: A Framework for Understanding Mixed-Income Outcomes
第七章：混搭之道：理解混合收入成果的框架
This chapter explores the mixed-income housing model as a strategy for urban regeneration and social integration.
本章探討了混合收入住宅模式，視之為推動城市再生與促進社會融合的重要策略。
It defines key concepts such as tenure diversity, social mix, and economic sustainability.
文中闡明了居住型態多樣性、社會融合以及經濟永續性等關鍵概念。
Mixed-income developments aim to reduce spatial segregation and enhance social mobility by integrating affordable and market-rate units.
混合收入開發旨在藉由整合可負擔與市場價格住宅，減少空間隔離並提升社會流動性。
However, challenges such as social cohesion and displacement risks are also discussed.
然而，社會凝聚力不足與居民遷移風險等挑戰也在討論之中。
Case studies from different cities illustrate the effectiveness and limitations of this approach, highlighting best practices for mitigating economic disparities within mixed-income projects.
來自各城市的案例研究展示了此模式的成效與局限，並突顯了在混合收入項目中減緩經濟差距的最佳實踐。
Chapter 8: Mixed-Income Public Housing Transformation in San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
第八章：舊金山與華盛頓特區混合收入公共住宅的轉型
The chapter examines large-scale public housing transformations in San Francisco and Washington, D.C., focusing on the shift from traditional public housing to mixed-income developments.
本章探討了舊金山與華盛頓特區大規模公共住宅轉型的案例，重點關注從傳統公共住宅向混合收入開發的轉變。
It evaluates policy interventions, community engagement strategies, and financing mechanisms that have contributed to successful transformations.
文中評估了促成轉型成功的政策介入、社區參與策略與融資機制。
The chapter also considers the impact of gentrification, resident displacement, and the role of non-profit organizations in housing redevelopment.
同時，章中也探討了士紳化、居民遷移以及非營利組織在住宅再開發中的角色與影響。
Furthermore, it explores resident feedback and long-term sustainability metrics in transformed housing communities.
此外，文中還探討了轉型後住宅社區中居民回饋及長期永續性評估指標。
Chapter 9: Paris Habitat’s Experience of Urban Regeneration to Create Affordable Housing
第九章：巴黎住房局打造可負擔住宅的城市再生經驗
Paris Habitat’s approach to affordable housing integrates urban regeneration with social equity.
巴黎住房局的可負擔住宅策略將城市再生與社會公平緊密結合。
The chapter details planning mechanisms, architectural innovations, and land-use policies that support affordable housing supply.
本章詳述了支援可負擔住宅供應的規劃機制、建築創新及土地使用政策。
Paris has adopted strategies such as repurposing underutilised buildings and ensuring a mix of public and private investments in housing projects.
巴黎採用了重新活化閒置建築以及確保公共與私人資金共同投入住宅項目的策略。
The role of rent control and tenant protections is also discussed as part of the city’s commitment to long-term affordability.
租金管制與租戶保護的作用亦被討論，彰顯了該市對長期可負擔性的堅持。
The chapter further explores policy-driven design standards that contribute to resilient housing models.
本章更進一步探討了以政策驅動的設計標準，如何促進出韌性住宅模式的建立。
Chapter 10: Toronto: Revitalization in Regent Park 12 Years Later
第十章：多倫多——12年後的攝政公園再生
This chapter provides an in-depth case study of the Regent Park redevelopment, one of North America’s largest public housing revitalization projects.
本章深入探討了攝政公園再生工程的案例研究，該工程為北美最大型的公共住宅再生計畫之一。
It explores the transition from a high-density, low-income community to a mixed-income neighborhood.
文中探討了從高密度、低收入社區轉型為混合收入社區的過程。
The challenges of maintaining affordability while attracting private investment are analyzed.
同時，章中剖析了在吸引私人投資的同時維持住宅可負擔性的種種挑戰。
The chapter highlights social integration policies, tenant relocation strategies, and the long-term impacts of urban renewal on residents.
本章強調了社會融合政策、租戶遷移策略以及都市更新對居民所產生的長期影響。
A comparative analysis with similar revitalization projects offers insights into best practices and policy trade-offs.
與其他類似再生項目的比較分析，提供了關於最佳實踐及政策取捨的寶貴見解。
Chapter 11: Mixed-Income Housing in New York City
第十一章：紐約市的混合收入住宅
New York City’s commitment to mixed-income housing is explored through its inclusionary housing policies and mayoral initiatives.
本章探討了紐約市如何透過包容性住宅政策及市長倡議，展現對混合收入住宅的堅定承諾。
The chapter discusses financial incentives for developers, regulatory frameworks, and the success of projects such as Via Verde.
文中討論了針對開發商的財務激勵措施、監管框架，以及像Via Verde這樣成功的項目。
It examines the role of state and federal policies in shaping affordable housing outcomes and considers the implications of long-term affordability commitments.
章中檢視了州與聯邦政策在塑造可負擔住宅成果中的作用，並探討了長期可負擔性承諾所帶來的深遠影響。
Additionally, the chapter evaluates the effectiveness of community land trusts and rent stabilization policies in maintaining affordability.
另外，本章亦評估了社區土地信託與租金穩定政策在維持住宅可負擔性方面的效能。
Chapter 12: Partnerships for Affordable Housing in England
第十二章：英格蘭的可負擔住宅夥伴關係
This chapter analyzes the evolution of affordable housing partnerships in England, emphasizing public-private collaborations.
本章分析了英格蘭可負擔住宅夥伴關係的演進，特別強調了公私合作模式的重要性。
Housing Associations play a critical role in developing and managing social housing.
住房協會在開發與管理社會住宅方面扮演著關鍵角色。
The chapter examines the effectiveness of financial models such as Section 106 agreements and the challenges posed by regulatory changes.
文中檢視了如第106條款協議等財務模型的效能，以及監管變革所帶來的挑戰。
It also discusses shifts in government funding priorities and the implications for future affordable housing supply.
此外，章中還討論了政府資金優先順序的轉變及其對未來可負擔住宅供應的影響。
Chapter 13: Resilience of Social Housing Systems in Vienna, Amsterdam, and Copenhagen
第十三章：維也納、阿姆斯特丹與哥本哈根社會住宅系統的韌性
The chapter compares the social housing systems of Vienna, Amsterdam, and Copenhagen, focusing on policy frameworks that ensure affordability and sustainability.
本章比較了維也納、阿姆斯特丹與哥本哈根的社會住宅系統，重點在於探討確保可負擔性與永續性的政策框架。
Key themes include government intervention, cooperative housing models, and financial stability in social housing provision.
其中關鍵議題涵蓋政府介入、合作住宅模式以及社會住宅供給中的財務穩定性。
The role of urban planning and regulatory mechanisms in maintaining long-term affordability is also examined, along with the social implications of housing allocation policies.
章中亦探討了都市規劃與監管機制在維持長期可負擔性中的作用，以及住房分配政策所帶來的社會影響。
Chapter 14: Thinking “Outside the Box” about Affordable Homes and Communities
第十四章：跳出框架思考可負擔住宅與社區
This chapter explores innovative approaches to affordable housing design and community building.
本章探索了關於可負擔住宅設計與社區營造的創新方法。
It discusses alternative housing models such as co-housing, tiny homes, and modular construction.
文中討論了共居、微型住宅及模組化建造等替代性住房模式。
The role of design in fostering inclusive and sustainable communities is emphasized, along with case studies of successful implementation.
章中強調了設計在促進包容與永續社區中的關鍵作用，並附有成功案例的探討。
The chapter also considers the impact of smart housing technologies on affordability and sustainability.
此外，本章亦探討了智慧住宅科技對提高可負擔性與永續性所產生的影響。
Chapter 15: Affordable Housing and Design Innovation: A View from Paris
第十五章：可負擔住宅與設計創新：來自巴黎的視角
The role of design innovation in affordable housing is examined through Parisian case studies.
本章透過巴黎的案例研究，探討了設計創新在可負擔住宅中的作用。
The chapter discusses architectural strategies, energy efficiency measures, and the integration of social housing into urban environments.
文中論及了建築策略、節能措施以及如何將社會住宅融入都市環境之道。
It highlights best practices in designing high-quality, cost-effective housing solutions.
章中突顯了設計高品質且具成本效益住宅方案的最佳實踐。
The chapter also explores the challenges of preserving architectural heritage while meeting modern affordability standards.
同時，文中亦探討了在保存建築遺產的同時，如何達到現代可負擔性標準所面臨的挑戰。
Chapter 16: Affordable Housing Design + A New Urban Era in European Cities
第十六章：可負擔住宅設計與歐洲城市的新都市時代
The chapter explores the intersection of affordable housing design and urban planning in European cities.
本章探討了歐洲城市中可負擔住宅設計與都市規劃交匯的契機。
It discusses urban densification, mixed-use developments, and the role of green building practices in enhancing affordability and sustainability.
文中論述了城市密集化、混合用途發展以及綠建築實踐在提升住宅可負擔性與永續性方面的作用。
Additionally, it examines how public space design contributes to the social integration of mixed-income communities.
此外，章中亦探討了公共空間設計如何促進混合收入社區的社會融合。
Chapter 17: Amsterdam: More than a Social Housing Project
第十七章：阿姆斯特丹：不只是社會住宅計畫
Amsterdam’s innovative social housing strategies are analyzed, with a focus on tenant participation, cooperative models, and urban renewal projects.
本章分析了阿姆斯特丹創新的社會住宅策略，重點聚焦於租戶參與、合作模式與城市更新計畫。
The city’s regulatory framework and funding mechanisms for social housing are examined in detail.
該市在社會住宅方面的監管框架與資金機制也進行了詳盡的檢視。
The chapter also evaluates how land-use planning and public transport integration influence housing affordability and accessibility.
此外，章中亦評估了土地使用規劃與公共運輸整合如何影響住宅的可負擔性與可達性。
Chapter 18: Pathways of Dutch and German Social Renting
第十八章：荷德社會租賃的發展路徑
This chapter compares Dutch and German social rental systems, highlighting policy differences and best practices.
本章比較了荷蘭與德國的社會租賃系統，並突顯了政策差異與最佳實踐。
The role of municipal housing corporations and government subsidies in ensuring affordability is discussed.
文中探討了市政住宅公司的作用與政府補貼在確保住宅可負擔性中的重要性。
Additionally, the chapter examines policy shifts in rent control and tenant protections, assessing their impact on housing accessibility.
另外，章中亦探討了租金管制與租戶保護政策的變革，並評估其對住宅可達性的影響。
Chapter 19: Social Sustainability in Social and Affordable Housing
第十九章：社會住宅與可負擔住宅中的社會永續性
The chapter explores the social dimensions of affordable housing, focusing on community engagement, social integration, and long-term well-being.
本章探討了可負擔住宅的社會面向，特別關注社區參與、社會融合及居民長期福祉。
It discusses policy frameworks that promote inclusivity and equitable access to housing.
文中論及了促進包容性及住房公平獲取的政策框架。
Case studies illustrate how resident involvement in housing projects enhances social sustainability and economic resilience.
案例研究展示了居民參與住宅項目如何提升社會永續性與經濟韌性。
Chapter 20: Private Rental Housing in Canada’s Four Largest Metropolitan Areas
第二十章：加拿大四大都會區的私人租賃住宅
The final chapter examines trends in private rental housing across Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal, and Calgary.
最後一章探討了多倫多、溫哥華、蒙特婁及卡爾加里四大都市區私人租賃住宅的發展趨勢。
It explores affordability challenges, regulatory frameworks, and policy interventions aimed at improving rental market stability.
文中探討了可負擔性挑戰、監管框架與旨在提升租賃市場穩定性的政策介入措施。
The chapter also evaluates demographic shifts and their implications for future rental housing demand and affordability measures.
此外，章中亦評估了人口結構變遷及其對未來租賃住宅需求與可負擔性措施的影響。
Conclusion
結語
This book presents a comprehensive examination of affordable housing challenges and policy solutions across global cities.
本書全面探討了全球城市中可負擔住宅所面臨的挑戰及相應的政策解決方案。
It highlights the role of mixed-income developments, social housing models, and innovative financing mechanisms in addressing affordability.
書中強調了混合收入開發、社會住宅模式與創新融資機制在解決可負擔性問題上的重要作用。
The analysis underscores the need for strong governance, public-private partnerships, and community engagement in ensuring long-term housing sustainability.
分析指出，堅實的治理、公私夥伴關係與社區參與是確保長期住房永續性的關鍵。
Case studies demonstrate that affordability is not only a financial issue but also a social and spatial challenge requiring integrated urban planning strategies.
案例研究顯示，可負擔性問題不僅僅是財務議題，更是一項需要綜合都市規劃策略來應對的社會與空間挑戰。
As cities continue to grow, balancing affordability with inclusivity and resilience remains a key priority for urban policymakers and practitioners.
隨著城市不斷成長，在可負擔性、包容性與韌性之間取得平衡，仍是都市政策制定者與實務工作者的首要任務。
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Editor's Profile
編者簡介
Dr. Sasha Tsenkova is a Professor of Planning at the University of Calgary, specialising in urban planning, housing policy, and sustainable development.
莎夏‧沁可娃 博士現任卡爾加里大學規劃學教授，專精於城市規劃、住房政策以及永續發展。
She holds PhDs in architecture from the Technical University of Prague and in geography from the University of Toronto, providing a multidisciplinary perspective on urban issues.
她分別在布拉格理工大學獲得建築學博士學位及多倫多大學取得地理學博士學位，使她能從多元學科的角度探討都市議題。
Her expertise has contributed to international projects with the World Bank, the Council of Europe, and the United Nations, influencing housing policies in over 20 countries.
她的專業知識曾參與世界銀行、歐洲委員會及聯合國等國際項目，並對二十多個國家的住房政策產生深遠影響。
She has authored 25 books and over 50 scholarly articles on urban sustainability, regeneration, and policy, earning recognition for her contributions to the field.
她著有25本專書以及超過50篇學術論文，主題涵蓋城市永續、再生與政策，因此獲得業界的廣泛認可。
As a fellow of the Canadian Institute of Planners, Dr. Tsenkova plays a key role in advancing urban planning research and education.
身為加拿大規劃師學會的會員，莎夏‧沁可娃 博士在推動城市規劃研究與教育上扮演著舉足輕重的角色。
Her book Cities and Affordable Housing: Planning, Design and Policy Nexus compiles diverse insights on affordable housing strategies, making it an essential resource for planners and policymakers.
她所著的《城市與可負擔住宅：規劃、設計與政策的交匯點》彙整了多元見解，成為規劃者與政策制定者不可或缺的參考資料。
Beyond research, she mentors students, fostering critical thinking and practical solutions for urban challenges.
除了專注於研究外，她亦指導學生，培養他們對城市問題進行批判性思考並尋求實務解決之道。
Her work continues to shape global housing policies, advocating for inclusive and resilient urban environments.
她的工作持續影響全球住房政策，積極倡導包容且具韌性的都市環境。
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Oueviewpoint: State-Led or Market-Driven? Dual Perspectives on the Global Housing Crisis
《國家主導還是市場驅動？全球住房危機的雙重視角》
Cities, as ever, are the battlegrounds of ambition, governance, and social equity.
城市一如既往地成為抱負、治理與社會公平的角力場。
Sasha Tsenkova’s Cities and Affordable Housing: Planning, Design and Policy Nexus provides a compelling lens through which to scrutinise the ongoing crisis of housing affordability, juxtaposing policies, practices, and spatial frameworks across global contexts.
在《城市與可負擔住宅：規劃、設計與政策的交匯點》中，薩沙‧岑科娃以引人入勝的視角，剖析全球住房負擔危機，並對比各國的政策、實踐及空間架構。
But in reading the book, one cannot help but observe a profound divergence between the urban trajectories of East and West—both in their approach to housing provision and in their fundamental conceptions of what ‘affordable’ might mean.
然而，在閱讀此書的過程中，讀者不禁會發現東西方在城市發展軌跡上存在著深刻的分歧，無論是住房供給方式，或是對「可負擔」概念的基本理解。
The Eastern Lens: Density, Centralisation, and the State Apparatus
東方觀點：密度、集權與國家機制
Eastern cities—whether in China, Japan, or Singapore—operate within a paradigm that embraces density as an essential characteristic rather than a negotiable variable.
無論是在中國、日本或新加坡，東方城市皆遵循一種視密度為基本特質而非可商議變數的發展模式。
The high-rise, state-driven model is embedded in the DNA of these cities, where planning policies frequently intertwine with economic and political imperatives.
這些城市中，高樓密集且國家主導的模式已深入其基因，規劃政策常常與經濟及政治需求緊密交織。
China’s massive state-owned housing provision, for instance, remains a key instrument of urbanisation, orchestrated through large-scale developments that ensure housing supply meets population growth.
以中國為例，其龐大的國有住房供應系統，透過大規模開發確保住房供給能夠配合人口增長，成為城市化的重要工具。
Meanwhile, Singapore’s Housing Development Board (HDB) has arguably set the gold standard for state-led affordable housing, with a tightly regulated market ensuring accessibility to homeownership while maintaining liveable standards.
同時，新加坡的建屋發展局（HDB）可謂訂下了國家主導可負擔住宅的黃金標準，其嚴格的市場管控不僅保障了民眾擁有自有住宅的機會，更確保了居住品質。
In this context, affordability is not simply a function of supply and demand but a question of state stewardship and long-term planning.
在此背景下，住房的可負擔性不僅僅是供需關係的產物，更關乎國家的治理能力與長遠規劃。
The compactness of Eastern cities has allowed for high-density development without necessarily forsaking urban vibrancy.
東方城市的緊湊規劃使得高密度發展得以實現，卻並未因此犧牲城市的活力。
Mixed-use developments, transit-oriented design, and integrated public amenities are fundamental pillars that ensure housing is not an isolated commodity but part of a broader ecosystem of social infrastructure.
混合用途開發、以運輸為導向的設計以及綜合公共設施，這些都是確保住房不僅僅是一項孤立商品，而是社會基礎設施生態系統中不可或缺的一環的基本支柱。
The Western Perspective: Market Liberalism, Dispersal, and the Search for Equity
西方觀點：市場自由、分散化與追求公平
Contrast this with the Western model—particularly in cities such as London, New York, and Toronto—where housing affordability is a contested space, shaped by competing forces of market liberalism and regulatory intervention.
與之形成對比的是西方模式，尤其在倫敦、紐約和多倫多等城市中，住房負擔性成為一個充滿爭議的議題，受市場自由與政府干預兩大力量的博弈影響。
The Western narrative on housing is largely one of reactive policymaking rather than proactive urban stewardship.
西方對住房的敘事多偏向於被動應對的政策制定，而非主動引導城市發展。
Housing affordability is often framed within the context of supply-side constraints, land-use planning battles, and the financialisation of property markets.
在西方，住房可負擔性常被置於供應限制、土地使用規劃爭議以及房地產市場金融化的脈絡中討論。
The neoliberal city, unlike its Eastern counterpart, sees housing increasingly as an asset class rather than a social good.
新自由主義下的西方城市，與東方截然不同，愈來愈將住房視為一種資產類別，而非基本社會福利。
Tsenkova’s analysis of mixed-income housing strategies and public-private partnerships is particularly relevant in this discourse.
岑科娃對於混合收入住宅策略及公私合營模式的剖析，在這一論述中顯得尤為切中要害。
The Western approach leans heavily on the market to provide solutions, often incentivising private developers to include ‘affordable’ units within larger schemes.
西方方法嚴重依賴市場機制來提供解決方案，經常透過獎勵私人開發商在大型計畫中納入「可負擔」單位來達成目的。
Yet, as evidenced in cities such as Vancouver and San Francisco, these schemes frequently fall short of addressing the fundamental issue: affordability relative to income.
然而，正如溫哥華和舊金山所顯示的那樣，這類計畫往往難以解決一個根本問題：住房價格與收入間的不平衡。
In many cases, the private sector’s involvement in affordable housing serves to mitigate political pressure rather than to deliver systemic change.
在許多情況下，私人部門參與可負擔住宅建設更多是為了緩解政治壓力，而非徹底改變現有體系。
Another key point of divergence is the role of planning.
另一個顯著的差異點在於規劃的角色。
While cities in East Asia treat planning as a holistic instrument that actively shapes development trajectories, many Western cities are beholden to fractured governance structures that slow the process of reform.
東亞城市將規劃視為塑造發展軌跡的整體工具，積極引導城市成長；而許多西方城市則受制於支離破碎的治理架構，導致改革進程緩慢。
The planning cultures of London or Los Angeles, for instance, are marked by protracted negotiations and a reluctance to embrace densification, often under pressure from established homeowners and local interest groups.
以倫敦或洛杉磯為例，其規劃文化充斥著冗長的談判過程及對高密度發展的抗拒，這多半源於既有屋主與地方利益團體的壓力。
The paradox of Western planning is that while it seeks to mediate market forces, it often inadvertently exacerbates the housing crisis by restricting supply in the name of ‘preserving character’.
西方規劃的悖論在於，儘管試圖調和市場力量，卻常以「保留城市特色」之名，無意間進一步惡化住房危機，限制了供應。
Lessons in Convergence: What East and West Can Learn from Each Other
融合的啟示：東西方彼此能學習的課題
Tsenkova’s book hints at—but does not fully explore—potential synergies between these contrasting models.
沁可娃的著作隱約提出了這兩種截然不同模式之間潛在的協同效應，雖然未能盡數探討。
The East’s embrace of density and state intervention offers a lesson for Western cities struggling with affordability.
東方對高密度發展與國家介入的堅持，為飽受住房負擔困擾的西方城市提供了一課啟示。
Rather than resisting high-density developments, cities such as London and New York might do well to consider more ambitious public housing schemes that integrate affordability into their core fabric rather than relegating it to the margins.
與其抵觸高密度發展，倫敦、紐約等城市或許更應積極考慮將可負擔性融入城市核心的公共住宅計畫，而非將其邊緣化。
The success of Vienna’s social housing model—a rare Western exception—demonstrates that affordability and high-quality design need not be mutually exclusive.
維也納社會住宅模式的成功——作為西方罕見的例外——證明了可負擔性與高品質設計並非不可兼得。
Conversely, the East’s commitment to state-led housing delivery comes with its own set of limitations.
相對地，東方在國家主導住房供給上的堅持，也伴隨著其獨有的局限。
The rigidity of China’s hukou system, for example, creates barriers to urban migration, effectively restricting access to housing based on residency status.
例如，中國嚴格的戶籍制度為城市遷徙設下重重障礙，實質上依據戶口限制了民眾獲得住房的機會。
Similarly, Singapore’s public housing model, while widely lauded, is not without its critiques—particularly in relation to generational wealth disparities and social mobility.
同樣地，新加坡的公共住宅模式雖廣受讚譽，但亦面臨世代財富差距與社會流動性等方面的批評。
Conclusion: Towards a New Urban Affordability Nexus
結語：邁向全新都市可負擔性連結
If there is one overarching takeaway from Cities and Affordable Housing, it is that affordability is not a singular problem with a one-size-fits-all solution.
從《城市與可負擔住宅》中，我們可以汲取的最大啟示是：住房可負擔問題並非單一議題，也不存在一套萬用的解決方案。
The interplay between governance, market dynamics, and urban design requires tailored strategies that account for local contexts.
治理、市場動態與城市設計之間的相互作用，需要根據在地情況制定量身訂做的策略。
The challenge for cities moving forward is to strike a balance between the efficiencies of state intervention and the dynamism of market-led growth.
未來城市面臨的挑戰在於如何在國家介入的高效與市場驅動的活力之間取得平衡。
Tsenkova’s work, while largely analytical, invites further exploration into this East-West dichotomy—one that could yield invaluable insights for policymakers, planners, and architects alike.
雖然沁可娃的著作主要以分析為主，但它卻引領我們進一步探討這一東西方的二元對立，這對政策制定者、規劃師以及建築師而言，皆有極高的參考價值。
In the end, the future of affordable housing will not be defined by whether a city follows an Eastern or Western trajectory, but rather by its willingness to embrace adaptability, equity, and long-term vision in crafting the cities of tomorrow.
最終，未來可負擔住房的命運，並不在於城市選擇東方或西方的發展路徑，而在於其是否有意擁抱適應性、公平性與長遠視野，來塑造明日的城市。
