那外在,(光)衰老的機制,包括分別通過氧化代謝和暴露於太陽紫外線(UV)而產生活性氧(ROS; reactive oxygen species )。污染、吸煙等外部因素也會觸發自由基的產生。最重要的是,壓力是疾病的基本病因之一[2]。其他種種環境威脅,例如極端環境,例如寒冷,高溫,缺氧,體育鍛煉或營養不良。
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