Ways of seeing 重點John Berger

這是一本探討文化現象的小冊子，分成幾個章節論述。

解釋眼裡所見和外在現實的相映，裡面累舉許多畫家的畫作，畫作呈現出畫家觀看現實的方式。

外在現實文化如何影響你的觀看方式？ 請看後續揭曉😊

重點整理

編輯 白佳宜

Unit 1

Seeing comes before words.

We only see what we look at.p8

The art of the past is being mystified because a privileged minority is striving to invent a history which can retrospectively justify the role of the ruling classes,and such a justification can no longer make sense in modern terms.And so,inevitably,it mystifies.p11

Perspective makes the single eye the center of the visible world.p16

The camera—demonstrated that there was no center.p18

The meaning of the original work no longer lies in what it uniquely says but in what it uniquely is.p21

A film unfolds in time and a painting does not.p26

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U3

A man’s presence is dependent upon the promise of power which he embodies.

The promised power—its object is always exterior to the man.p45

A woman’s presence expresses her own attitude to herself. A woman must continually watch herself.p46

If a woman throws a glass on the floor,there is an example of how she treats her own emotion of anger and so of how she would wish it to be treated by others.If a man does the same,his action is only read as an expression of his anger.

Only a man can make a good joke for its own sake.

Women watch themselves being looked at.

Thus she turns herself into an object—an object of vision : a sight.

p47

This nakedness is not, an expression of her own feelings; it is a sign of her submission to the owner’s feelings or demands.p52

In other non-European traditions,the theme of work is sexual attraction, it is likely to show active sexual love as between two people.p53

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U5

The idealized appearances he found in the painting were an aid, a support, to his own view of himself.p101

If somebody demonstrates the extent of the property interest in a given cultural field, it is said to be a demonstration of his obsession.p108

U6

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U7

In the cities in which we live, all of us see hundreds of publicity images every day of our lives.p129

The publicity image steals her love of herself as she is, and offers it back to her for the price of the product.p134

The oil painting consolidated his own sense of his own value.It enhanced his view of himself as he already was.

The purpose of publicity is to make the spectator marginally dissatisfied with his present way of life.p142

All publicity works upon anxiety. To get money is to overcome anxiety. Having nothing you will be nothing.

p143

The existing social conditions make the individual feel powerless. He lives in the contradiction between what he is and what he would like to be. p148

Publicity turns consumption into a substitute for democracy. The choice of what one eats (or wears or drives) takes

the place of significant political choice.p149

All hopes are gathered together, made homogeneous, simplified in every purchase.p153

Capitalism survives by forcing the majority.

Today in the developed countries it is being achieved by imposing a false standard of what is and what is not desirable.p154