當代政治哲學泰斗、哈佛大學教授麥可・桑德爾(Michael J. Sandel)最新研究指出,川普政權的再起與全球社會分斷危機,根源於「能力主義暴政」的長期積弊。這項分析對正處在少子高齡化與產業轉型陣痛期的台灣社會,具有強烈警示意義。
桑德爾剖析,2016與2024年兩度川普勝選,實為「新自由主義全球化失序引發的階級革命」。40年來製造業外移與金融資本擴張,使美國非大學學歷勞工實質薪資停滯40年,兩黨建制派未能提出有效對策,最終引爆「被遺忘者」的政治反撲。
「問題不在全球化本身,而在我們將經濟競技場的輸家視為『個人失敗者』」桑德爾接受《東洋經濟》專訪時強調。能力社會將「學歷=能力=價值」的等式神聖化,造就「勝利組」與「失敗組」的認知斷層。川普競選時直言「我愛低學歷者」的發言,精準踩中這道社會裂痕。
桑德爾思想在東亞引發的震盪尤具啟示性。其著作《成功的反思》日文版狂銷80萬冊,NHK《白熱教室》系列創下12%收視率,反映日本社會對「學歷至上主義」的深層焦慮。東京大學2023年導入「桑德爾式教學法」,正是要打破「東大生=社會菁英」的刻板認知。
扭曲的自我責任論:非正職勞工貧困問題被歸咎「不夠努力」,重演美國式階級分化
AI時代的能力恐慌:松下集團調查顯示,73%員工認為「現行考績制度無法反映真正價值」
對話公共空間萎縮:日本文部科學省2024年報告指出,年輕世代政治冷感率達史上新高58%
桑德爾理論對台灣的參照性在於:
技職教育再造:2024年行政院《人才培育白皮書》坦承「文憑主義導致技術人才斷層」
平台經濟困境:外送員等新型態勞工面臨「演算法評鑑」與社會認同雙重剝削
世代正義危機:房價所得比9.46倍創新高,青年相對剝奪感加劇社會對立
政治大學社會系教授李明璁指出:「台灣正在複製能力主義陷阱,當我們用學測分數定義『人生勝利組』,就是在製造下個世代的川普支持者。」
菁英謙遜化:東京奧運金牌選手池江璃花子抗癌復出後公開演講:「我的成就是無數人支持的總和」
價值多元化:台積電2025年啟動「技術力認證」制度,打破年資與學歷限制
對話日常化:台灣民間發起「巷弄哲學堂」運動,在超商據點舉辦公民討論會
桑德爾最後提醒:「當AI開始評分人類能力時,正是我們重新定義『成功』的關鍵時刻。與其追求絕對平等,不如建立每個人都能保有尊嚴的差異化社會。」
資料來源
[1] サンデル・ハーバード大教授が直言!米大統領選挙を左右する労働 ... https://diamond.jp/articles/-/335644
[2] Philosopher Michael Sandel on What Trump's Win Says About ... - PBS https://www.pbs.org/video/philosopher-michael-sandel-on-what-trumps-win-says-about-american-society-wrirrr/
[3] 「アメリカンドリームは神話なのか?」小さな巨人サンデル教授に ... https://diamond.jp/articles/-/26259
[4] What Can We Learn from the Fact that Michael J. Sandel is a Rock ... https://catholicmoraltheology.com/what-can-we-learn-from-the-fact-that-michael-j-sandel-is-a-rock-star-in-china/
[5] 【A Dialogue with Professor Michael Sandel】“The harsh reality ... https://en.k-hirano.com/esss/a-dialogue-with-professor-michael-sandel/
[6] マイケル・サンデル「バイデンが大統領選で勝っても、根本的な ... https://courrier.jp/news/archives/217431/
[7] Thomas Piketty and Michael Sandel on the left after Trump https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2025/01/the-left-after-trump-michael-sandel-thomas-piketty
[8] Harvard professor a hit on Japanese TV https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/06/harvard-prof-a-hit-on-japan-tv/
[9] Professor Michael Sandel Visits Japan; What is its Impact? https://kiyoshikurokawa.com/en/2010/08/professor-michael-sandel-visits-japan-what-is-its-impact.html
[10] エリート層が労働者を見下す「能力主義の圧政」を 乗り越えよ ... https://chuokoron.jp/politics/117586.html
[11] CNN video: Professor Michael Sandel discusses his theory that ... https://www.gov.harvard.edu/2020/09/28/cnn-video-professor-michael-sandel-discusses-his-theory-that-credentialism-is-the-last-acceptable-form-of-prejudice-in-todays-society/
[12] マイケル・サンデル 新著を語る 社会分断する「能力主義」 https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKZO70946170T10C21A4BC8000/
[13] Harvard Philosopher Michael Sandel on the Trump Phenomenon https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/harvard-philosopher-michael-sandel-on-the-trump-phenomenon-a-1c97a86a-0e55-484f-ac39-90ec55ff39f8
[14] Michael Sandel: How the Left Paved the Way for Trump - TVO Today https://www.tvo.org/podcasts/the-agenda-with-steve-paikin-audio/michael-sandel-how-the-left-paved-the-way-for-trum
[15] マイケル・サンデル氏「報酬で社会貢献度は測れない」 - 日本経済新聞 https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUD093VB0Z00C25A1000000/
[16] Philosopher Michael Sandel on What Trump's Win Says About ... - PBS https://www.pbs.org/wnet/amanpour-and-company/video/philosopher-michael-sandel-on-what-trumps-win-says-about-american-society-wrirrr/
[17] トランプ氏が次の大統領選へ始動、カギ握る米国の分断度 - JBpress https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/65865?page=4
[18] Philosopher Michael Sandel on What Trump's Win Says ... - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um017R5Kr3A
[19] 分断社会の心理学 - アートと文藝のCafe - はてなブログ https://campingcarboy.hatenablog.com/entry/2020/12/08/032550
[20] Michael Sandel: How the Left Paved the Way for Trump | The Agenda https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtO2L_ydO7A
[21] 哲學家邁克爾-桑德爾談特朗普獲勝對美國社會的啟示 - VoiceTube https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/184472
[22] Philosopher Michael Sandel on What Trump's Win Says About ... https://weta.org/watch/shows/amanpour-and-company/philosopher-michael-sandel-what-trumps-win-says-about-american
[23] マイケル・サンデルの白熱教室@東北大学 (3/4) - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anKrWz3W36w
[24] Philosopher Sandel questions societal goal of a meritocracy https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/culture/books-literature/20210324-78076/
[25] 3分でわかる! マイケル・サンデル『これからの「正義」の話を ... https://diamond.jp/articles/-/322630
[26] 「テクノロジーは大谷翔平に勝てるか」 サンデル教授問う https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOGN1713O0X10C23A6000000/
[27] Professor Michael Sandel speaks to the Japanese reader - ハフポスト https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/entry/story_jp_6183d6ebe4b0c8666bd8e247
[28] パレスチナの展望と背景、そして日本で - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpRkwbI2Zkg
[29] Sandel's Justice Expands To Japan | News - The Harvard Crimson https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/12/2/justice-popular-beyond-sanders/
[30] 『サンデル教授の対話術 ( )』|感想・レビュー - 読書メーター https://bookmeter.com/books/2878269
[31] Justice and Dialogue in Japan's Top Press: Philosopher Michael ... https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cccr.12061
[32] 【アメリカの経済的流動性は日本より低い】アメリカン・ドリーム ... https://www.hayakawabooks.com/n/ne671bec50418?gs=7f27ee791cd0
[33] Justice and Dialogue in Japan's Top Press: Philosopher Michael ... https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264125102_Justice_and_Dialogue_in_Japan's_Top_Press_Philosopher_Michael_Sandel_as_Cultural_Authority
[34] 哲学者マイケル・サンデル氏インタビュー 報酬で社会貢献度測れない https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKZO86119960X10C25A1BC8000/
[35] To understand Trump, learn from his voters - Harvard Law School https://hls.harvard.edu/today/understand-trump-learn-voters/
[36] Michael Sandel: Populism, Trump, and the Future of Democracy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmzvItxlH1U
[37] To understand Trump, learn from his voters - Harvard Gazette https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/02/to-understand-trump-learn-from-his-voters/
[38] 人間が同類から人間として扱われない……「不平等」の何が問題か ... https://www.hayakawabooks.com/n/n0c0582a7e03f
[39] Philosopher Michael Sandel as Cultural Authority - Oxford Academic https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/4/472/4054649?login=false
[40] Japan Disaster Response and Future Assessment, April 22, 2011 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZwnHv59bs4