莫倫比克現象與恐莫倫比克(Molenbeekphobia)

• 2015/1：警方摧毀一伊斯蘭國附屬小組
• 2015/8：火車襲擊事件
• 2015/11：巴黎槍擊案
• 2016/3：布魯塞爾連環爆炸案

“We've tried prevention. Now we'll have to get repressive. It's been a form of laisser faire and laxity. Now we're paying the bill.”

“If you say 'clean-up' to people who already don't trust you, what will their reaction be? ” “What is lacking for now is a really good prevention programme where people who might understand the problem are invited for discussions - this is completely lacking.” (Johan Leman, 一個當地居民，她的兒子加入聖戰組織，死在敘利亞。)

"Brussels was once the top city in Belgium and now it's this, this is clearly because of immigration."

"No more immigrant!!" (以上摘自多則youtube評論)

"There is a big problem with the social and religious environement. A lot of parents aren't there to educate their children. The only truth is a identity problem. They have to change, that's the only solution."

"Those 'innocent' kids from Molenbeek are far from innocent and have problems with authority every single day. They have parents who doesn't care about their kids. "

"...15 years ago I use to go to a School in Molenbeek .. ....and it was already a no go Zone.... " (以上摘自多則youtube評論)

"The only truth is a identity problem. They have to change, that's the only solution."

"They grow up on the streets without respect and education towards the belgian people and culture."

"The thing is you can't just put a group of immigrants together and let them do whatever really without any real supervision for 50 years and expect them to be fine. Yes Islam as a as an ideology is to blame but this could have easily been avoided." (以上摘自多則youtube評論)

"I am from Brussels, and I can assure you that our government allowed this neighborhood to exist,,...the problems always come from people from Morocco...people need to know that the problems does not come from Islam or migrants..... but from our government and Moroccan borne in Eu" (摘自一則youtube評論)

那麼，問題到底出在哪？

一、經濟因素？

布魯塞爾分成19個區域，其中，莫倫比克則是失業率最高的區域，平均失業率有30.9%，年輕人的失業率更是高達40%。

莫倫比克也是布魯塞爾內，第三貧窮的區域。每戶家庭平均年收入為17,303歐元。

當地的青少年輟學率也很高，移民第二代的輟學率，男性是21%，女性是15%。

而貧窮、高失業率、高輟學率，造成了當地高犯罪率，偷竊、搶劫、毒品問題，在莫倫比克層出不窮，成為了媒體、大眾、警方口中的"no-go zone"。

二、"a system of apartheid"－－比利時族群融合困境

"You really have ghettos. And what is more important, and more dangerous, is not that people aren't living together - it's the mental ghetto."

比利時當地也可以分為使用法語的、南方的瓦龍(Walloon)區及使用荷語的、北方的佛拉芒(Flander)區，這兩個區域的經濟及社會發展不同，但人們對自己居住的區域有強烈的認同，在歷史上有許多族群對立的現象。一名在警察學校教授跨文化課程的講師表示，至今，比利時當地仍常以南方、北方，劃定誰是"自己人"。

"We always talk about the others in negative terms," he says. "We say: 'We are hard-working Flemish people, and the Walloons are lazy!' We think of 'us and them' - even between Belgians."

而比利時國內將近一半來自摩洛哥、伊拉克、土耳其等的移民或移民後裔，也面臨不為當地所接受的困境，不被認為是"真正的比利時人"，即使移民已經在這裡居住了三代之久。

"And in the same way, we think: 'There are white people, the real Belgians - and newcomers.' Even though people from Morocco and Turkey have been here three generations…"

這名講師更認為這是一種種族隔離的系統(a system of apartheid)，這系統源自心理，是更危險的：

"You really have ghettos. And what is more important, and more dangerous, is not that people aren't living together - it's the mental ghetto."

這種種族隔離的系統，亦體現在布魯塞爾內。

"總共分成十九小區的布魯塞爾，就像各自獨立互不相碰的小水滴，擁有屬於各自的文化圈，即便絕大部分的人都不是因為歧視而刻意避開彼此，但如果不刻意經營，並不容易有機會接觸彼此。 "從全市平均收入最高的Schuman，到位於西邊收入最低的Molenbeek，在這短短不到兩公里之間的人，可以一輩子都不踏足對方的區域如常生活。" "在這個表面上看似「多元」的城市，族群間卻有著難以想像的巨大鴻溝。" (摘自為什麼是比利時？歐洲做錯了什麼？｜國際｜端傳媒 Initium Media (theinitium.com))

當時的莫倫比克首長Françoise Schepmans自2012年接任管理莫倫比克。她在接受媒體採訪時指出，莫倫比克的高失業率及低教育程度，是它成為一個貧困地區的主因，但是"貧窮不是激進主義的藉口"(Poverty is no excuse for radicalism)，尤其巴黎槍擊案中與莫倫比克有關聯的兩位嫌犯(Salah Abdeslam和Abdelhamid Abaaoud)是中產階層背景。

但其實，加入聖戰組織的不全是中產階層。

她也指出，莫倫比克中心居民(大多數是摩洛哥移民)，一直以來有無法融入社會的問題。

上一任的莫倫比克首長Philippe Moureaux曾管理莫倫比克將近20年，Schepmans說，當時Moureaux認為，莫倫比克是個"社會的、多元文化的實驗室"，他以"讓莫倫比克人隨他們所想的過生活"(people in Molenbeek should just live how they want)為方針，管理這個地方。當Schepmans被問到自她接任管理莫倫比克後，有什麼改變時，她表示她將治安擺在第一位，裝設了許多監視器，她也鼓勵莫倫比克人尊重警方。

Moureaux並未提及她針對莫倫比克的貧窮及融入當地社會問題，有採取什麼措施。

"次等公民"

由於莫倫比克的高犯罪率，以及其居住的多是摩洛哥移民，信仰伊斯蘭。在911事件發生後，大眾對莫倫比克更敬而遠之。莫倫比克居民，在生活中，便常常感受與其他區域間的鴻溝，以及其他區域人民對他們的排拒。

一位莫倫比克的穆斯林女性居民，曾因穿著Hijab，被拒絕進入餐廳用餐。

一個穆斯林女性青少年，穿著Hijab到班上課時，被老師要求脫掉Hijab。

"When you're in school, do you feel accepted?"一名記者詢問這個學生。 "I have a lot of problem because I wear jilbab(Islamic dress), they ask me to remove it when I go to school. I don't feel right without it. Why can't I show it? why is religion at war like it?"這個學生回答道。

一個當地青年表示，當其他區域的人看到莫倫比克人時，都會對他們另眼看待。

“That's how we feel…people feel we are 'those people', they say that's 'those people' with their finger pointing us….”

由於高犯罪率，莫倫比克被冠上"no-go zone"的標籤，長期被視為"有問題的區域"。警方也不願涉足這塊區域。因為莫倫比克人不信任警方，也覺得警方不信任他們。但畢竟，在一個將近一半人口是移民及移民後代的國家，卻只有極少數警察是有色人種的狀況下，如何要求莫倫比克信任警方呢？

一個當地諮詢員指出了莫倫比克人面臨的問題：

"The people in this neighberhood face a series of difficulties. Job insecurity, socio-economic problems, unemployment and stigmatisation. They have the impression that they've become second-class citizens."

"They don't trust the schools, police and the media. But they also feel that the media don't trust them, the schools don't trust them and society doesn't trust them."

而當這些莫倫比克年輕人在經濟上找不到出路，面對外界的汙名化和排拒時，覺得自己是次等公民，轉而向內尋求認同，而這個對內的身分認同，就是穆斯林：「至少我是個好穆斯林。」

這個當地諮詢員也指出，在911之後，恐伊斯蘭(Islamphobia)的現象開始出現時，伊斯蘭對莫倫比克居民來說不僅是信仰，更是一個身分認同。即使是日常生活中很少實踐伊斯蘭的年輕人，也會聲明自己是穆斯林。

過去曾居住在莫倫比克的一個攝影記者TEUN VOETEN，也發現這個現象。他說，過去莫倫比克的伊斯蘭，是很純潔、無害的那種。但他發現，莫倫比克年輕人對傳統伊斯蘭的認同變得越來越強、排他性越來越高，甚至要求同地區的信仰、政治看法、作息、穿著一樣，形成了一個族群及宗教的，排他的、封閉的聚落。TEUN VOETEN在2014年離開莫倫比克，因為他在街頭上遇到極端分子想招募他加入IS。

當莫倫比克年輕人緊抓住伊斯蘭作為認同，又有伊斯蘭極端主義者在清真寺內、在街頭上招募新血，這些年輕人就極有可能加入聖戰組織。

TEUN VOETEN也說，政府要負起很大的責任。因其對伊斯蘭始終避而不談，且在議會上，當有人指出莫倫比克年輕人的高犯罪率及潛在伊斯蘭激進分子的進入時，提出這些問題的人反被指控是右翼份子。TEUN VOETEN說這是比利時"否認"的文化(the culture of denial)。

恐莫倫比克(Molenbeekphobia)

莫倫比克的情況，是被媒體誇大的案例，因為同樣的結構、同樣的政治情況，在德國、英國、法國、荷蘭，在全球都找得到。

"We are at war!"一個抗議者喊道。

“If you walk on the street, you’ll see people just like you and me, but the media describe Molenbeek as a jihadi base.”

"Those who want to see the true image should come to us and speak to us to understand and to really see what there is to see."

"A tribute to this wonderful piece of Brussels (where I live), home of the poor, the artists, the immigrants and the tourists, fertile ground of mixity and culture." 作品介紹末段這麼寫道。

有解方嗎？