大而美法案下的跨國供應鏈變動與機會

美國總統川普於2025年7月4日正式簽署「大而美法案 (One Big Beautiful Bill)」，在全球引起關注。因為這項法案涵蓋稅務、醫療補助、國防擴張及能源政策的綜合性預算法案，不僅影響美國經濟，也為全球供應鏈帶來連鎖效應。

什麼是大而美法案

法案內容涵蓋了川普第二任的核心政策:

社會福利與醫療改革

 ✅ 削減醫療補助計畫 (Steep cuts to Medicaid)

To help finance tax cuts elsewhere, Republicans have added additional restrictions to Medicaid, the healthcare programme relied upon by millions of disabled and low-income Americans.

 ✅調整SNAP食物券補助（Cuts to food benefits）

SNAP 是一項由美國聯邦政府資助的社會福利計畫，主要目的是幫助低收入家庭、長者或失業者，購買基本食物來維持營養。

The Senate bill introduces SNAP reforms starting in 2028, requiring states with error rates above 6% to cover 5–15% of program costs. It also adds work requirements for able-bodied recipients without dependents.

 ✅ 削減社會安全所得稅 (Social Security taxes)

On the campaign trail, Trump vowed to eliminate taxes on Social Security income - monthly payments to Americans of retirement age and people with disabilities.

稅務與財政政策

✅ 延長川普第一任的減稅政策 (Extension of 2017 Trump tax cuts)

During his first term, Trump had signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which lowered taxes for corporations and for individuals across most income brackets.

✅ 州與地方稅（SALT）扣除額提高 (Increasing state and local tax deduction)

There is currently a $10,000 cap on how much taxpayers can deduct from the amount they owe in federal taxes. That expires this year. The Senate's approved bill raises it from $10,000 to $40,000 - but after five years, it would return to $10,000.

 ✅小費與加班免稅條款　（No tax on overtime or tips and other elements）

The budget bill includes a "no tax on tips" provision, allowing some tip and overtime wages to be tax-deductible, phased out for high earners, and expiring in 2028. It also raises the child tax credit permanently to $2,200, with looser requirements on parents' Social Security numbers. Additionally, the bill proposes increasing the debt ceiling by $5 trillion to fund approved government programs.

✅ 舉債上限提高 (Senate Proposes $5T Debt Ceiling Raise)

The upper chamber's bill also proposes raising the debt ceiling by $5tn - more than the $4tn approved by the House last month. The debt ceiling is the limit on the amount of money the US government can borrow to pay its bills. Lifting the debt limit allows the government to pay for programmes already approved by Congress.

國防與邊境安全

 ✅ 增加國防與邊境執法預算　（Boost to defence and border spending）

增加1500億美元提升造船與飛彈防禦能力（包括“Golden Dome”計劃）以及撥款1000億美元給ICE(移民與海關執法局)，擴大拘留容量並增加人員。. The bill boosts defense spending by $150 billion to enhance shipbuilding and fund Trump’s “Golden Dome” missile defense. It also allocates $100 billion to ICE through 2029, nearly doubling migrant detention capacity and staff, making ICE the largest federal law enforcement agency.

能源與環境政策

✅ 清潔能源補貼逐步取消　（Clean energy incentives reduction）

漸進取消拜登時期清潔能源稅收優惠，限制與中國供應鏈相關企業享受補貼。The Senate proposes gradually phasing out Biden-era clean energy tax credits, extending benefits for wind and solar projects starting this year but reducing them from 2026 to 2028. Both House and Senate want to deny credits to companies with supply chains linked to foreign entities like China. The House, however, wants to end these credits much faster.

大而美法案對美國供應鏈的影響有哪些？

• 推升軍工和航太產業需求，例如飛彈、船舶和軍用裝備，帶動相關供應鏈全面擴展。
• 邊境安全設備需求暴增，例如邊境執法單位會需要監控系統、管制科技等相關設備。
• 清潔能源補貼縮減，讓新能源供應鏈壓力倍增，相關廠商可能要調整策略。

跨國供應鏈的新挑戰

美國政府採「本土製造優先政策」（Onshoring），鼓勵企業把製造和供應鏈移回美國本土。同時，對一些有疑慮的外國企業，例如中國有關的供應鏈也設了限制。對於想跟美國做生意的企業，要重新思考供應鏈布局，不僅要避開有疑慮國家的供應鏈，還要面對訂單不穩定、合規調整，甚至轉移生產地可能會讓成本增加，再加上關稅的交叉影響，產品可能需要重新訂價等等。因此，企業必須調整策略，多方布局，才能在變動中站穩腳步，維持在國際市場的競爭力。

臺灣業者在美國新政策下的機會與優勢

隨著美國推動「大而美法案」以及相關的供應鏈重組，臺灣廠商在相關領域展現了優勢，且迎來潛在商機: 

首先，航太與國防零組件供應商憑藉技術和品質，符合美國軍工標準要求，成為美國軍事和航太產業的重要合作夥伴。

此外，美國對半導體與高階電子的需求日益增加，臺灣作為全球半導體重鎮，能提供先進且穩定的晶片供應，支持美國在科技領域的競爭力。

在安控方面，臺灣業者擁有先進的AI影像辨識與監控技術，正好符合美國加強邊境與國內安全的政策需求，相關產品與解決方案有機會前進美國市場。

最後，臺灣的智慧製造解決方案在政府政策的積極推動下，持續深化關鍵技術研發，並完善服務供應鏈，為產業創新和國際合作提供堅實基礎。

總體來說，臺灣業者憑藉厚實技術與政策支持，契合美國政策方向，未來在全球供應鏈中將扮演更加關鍵的角色。

📚參考資料:

1. Congress.gov, H.R.1 - One Big Beautiful Bill Act
2. BBC news, What are the key items in Trump's sprawling budget bill?
3. 經濟部產業技術司, 2024/2025產業技術白皮書