6. 介系詞 (Prepositions)
介系詞是用來表達名詞或代名詞與句中其他詞之間關係的詞,通常表示時間、地點、方向、方式、原因等。介系詞本身沒有意義,需要搭配名詞或代名詞(即其受詞)才能表達完整概念。
核心概念:介系詞後面永遠接名詞或動名詞 (V-ing)。
6.1 常見介系詞用法
雖然介系詞的用法非常豐富且複雜,但多益常考一些固定搭配和基本概念。- 時間介系詞:at, on, in, by, until, for, since, before, after
- at:表示精確時間點 (at 5 PM, at noon, at midnight, at the moment)
- on:表示特定日期或星期 (on Monday, on October 26, on Christmas Day)
- in:表示較長的時間段 (in the morning, in 2025, in July, in two hours - 兩小時後)
- by:表示「在...之前」或「不遲於...」,強調截止時間。Please submit the report by Friday. (請在週五之前提交報告。)The package will arrive by tomorrow. (包裹明天前會送達。)
- until/till:表示「直到...為止」,強調持續性。The store is open until 9 PM. (商店營業到晚上9點。)
- for:表示「持續一段時間」。She has worked here for five years. (她在這裡工作了五年。)
- since:表示「自從某個時間點以來」,通常搭配現在完成式。He has been busy since Monday. (他從週一以來一直很忙。)
- before / after:表示「在...之前/之後」。Before the meeting, please review the agenda. (會議前請先閱讀議程。)
- 地點介系詞:at, on, in, to, from, near, between, among
- at:表示小地點、某個點 (at the bus stop, at the office, at home)
- on:表示表面、路線或樓層 (on the table, on the way, on the second floor)
- in:表示大地點、內部 (in New York, in the room, in the box)
- to:表示方向或目的地 (go to the airport, send to the department)
- from:表示來源 (from the factory, receive from a colleague)
- near:在...附近 (near the station)
- between:在兩者之間 (between A and B)
- among:在三者或以上之間 (among the employees)
- 其他常見介系詞及其功能:
- of:表示「...的」(所有格、部分-整體)the cost of living (生活成本)a variety of products (各式各樣的產品)
- with:表示「和...一起」、「有...的」work with colleagues (和同事一起工作)a person with experience (有經驗的人)
- for:表示「為了」、「針對」、「原因」responsible for (負責...)payment for services (服務費用)
- about / concerning / regarding:表示「關於」talk about the project (討論專案)inquiry regarding your order (關於您訂單的詢問)
- by:表示「藉由」、「經由」(方式、手段)travel by train (搭火車旅行)learn by doing (從做中學)
6.2 核心!介系詞後接動名詞 (V-ing) 的固定搭配
這是多益考題中非常頻繁出現的考點!介系詞的受詞可以是名詞,也可以是動名詞 (V-ing)。 當你需要將一個動詞放在介系詞後面時,必須將其轉換為動名詞形式。
結構:介系詞 + 動名詞 (V-ing)
常見的「介系詞 + 動名詞」搭配:
- in + V-ing:
in preparing
,in improving
(在...方面) - on + V-ing:
on arriving
,on leaving
(一...就...) - by + V-ing:
by providing
,by implementing
(透過...方式) - for + V-ing:
for solving
,for protecting
(為了...目的) - of + V-ing:
capable of doing
,instead of waiting
(能夠/而不是) - about + V-ing:
think about joining
(考慮加入) - without + V-ing:
without notifying
(沒有通知) - before / after + V-ing:
before signing
,after completing
(在...之前/之後)
特別注意這些固定片語,它們後面幾乎總是接動名詞:
- be committed to V-ing/N. (致力於...)
- look forward to V-ing/N. (期待...)
- be accustomed to V-ing/N. (習慣於...)
- be dedicated to V-ing/N. (奉獻於...)
- object to V-ing/N. (反對...)
- in addition to V-ing/N. (除了...之外)
- be responsible for V-ing/N. (負責...)
- be capable of V-ing/N. (有能力做...)
- in charge of V-ing/N. (負責...)
6.3 片語動詞 (Phrasal Verbs)
片語動詞是由動詞 + 介系詞/副詞組成,通常其意義無法從單獨的動詞和介系詞/副詞推斷。多益非常喜歡考片語動詞,因為它們是日常和商務英語的常見部分。
- 常見片語動詞範例:
- look for (尋找)
- take off (起飛;脫掉)
- turn down (拒絕;調低)
- put off / postpone (延期)
- call off / cancel (取消)
- set up (建立,設立)
- bring up (提出,養育)
- figure out (弄懂,解決)
- come up with (想出,提出)
- deal with (處理)
- run out of (用完)
- 多益考點: 根據上下文語意選擇正確的片語動詞。
6.4 總結介系詞的判斷關鍵
- 看搭配: 介系詞通常與其前面的動詞、形容詞或名詞形成固定搭配 (e.g.,
responsible for
,good at
,on time
)。 - 看語意: 判斷介系詞所表達的時間、地點、方向、方式或原因是否符合句意。
- 看結構: 介系詞後若要接動詞,必須使用動名詞
(V-ing)
形式。 - 多讀多記: 介系詞和片語動詞沒有太多「規則」可循,主要靠累積和語感。
7. 連接詞 (Conjunctions)
連接詞的任務是連接單字、片語、子句或句子,它們是構建複雜句型和表達邏輯關係的關鍵。在多益考試中,連接詞通常會出現在句子的中間,考你如何正確地連接不同的語法單位。
7.1 對等連接詞 (Coordinating Conjunctions)
對等連接詞用來連接兩個地位相等的語法單位,例如:單字對單字、片語對片語、或獨立子句對獨立子句。
- 常見的對等連接詞 (FANBOYS):
- For (因為) - 較正式,語氣像 because
- And (和,以及) - 表示並列、增加
- Nor (也不) - 連接兩個否定句,前面通常有 neither 或否定詞
- But (但是) - 表示轉折、對比
- Or (或者,否則) - 表示選擇
- Yet (然而) - 語氣比 but 更強,表示出乎意料的轉折
- So (所以) - 表示結果
- 結構:
獨立子句, [對等連接詞] 獨立子句
(若連接獨立子句,前面常有逗號) - He submitted the report, and he left for the day. (他提交了報告,然後就下班了。)
- The product is high-quality, but it's quite expensive. (這產品品質很好,但是很貴。)
- You must finish the task, or you will miss the deadline. (你必須完成這項任務,否則會錯過截止日期。)
- 多益考點: 主要測試你對這些連接詞所表達的邏輯關係(並列、轉折、選擇、因果)的理解。
7.2 從屬連接詞 (Subordinating Conjunctions)
從屬連接詞用來引導從屬子句 (Dependent Clause),將其連接到主要子句 (Independent Clause)。從屬子句不能獨立存在,必須依附在主要子句上。
常見的從屬連接詞及其關係:
- 時間: when (當...時), while (當...時), as (當/隨著), after (在...之後), before (在...之前), until (直到...為止), since (自從...以來), by the time (等到...時)
- After the meeting ended, we discussed the next steps. (會議結束後,我們討論了下一步。)
- While I was reviewing the document, the phone rang. (當我審閱文件時,電話響了。)
- 原因: because (因為), since (既然), as (因為)
- The project was delayed because we ran out of materials. (專案延遲了,因為我們材料用完了。)
- 條件: if (如果), unless (除非), as long as (只要), provided that (假使)
- If you have any questions, please contact customer service. (如果你有任何問題,請聯繫客服。)You cannot enter unless you have a valid ID. (除非你有有效證件,否則不能進入。)
- 目的: so that (以便,為了)
- We sent the email so that everyone would be informed. (我們發了郵件,以便大家都能獲悉。)
- 讓步/對比: although (儘管), though (儘管), even though (即使), while (然而)
- Although the weather was bad, the event proceeded as planned. (儘管天氣不好,活動仍按計畫進行。)
- 方式: as (如同)
- He acted as if nothing had happened. (他表現得好像什麼都沒發生一樣。)
結構: [從屬連接詞] 從屬子句, 主要子句
或 主要子句 [從屬連接詞] 從屬子句
- 從屬子句在主要子句前時,通常會用逗號隔開。
- 多益考點:
- 選擇正確的從屬連接詞來表達句子之間的邏輯關係。
- 區分從屬連接詞與對等連接詞、介系詞、連接副詞。
7.3 連接副詞 (Conjunctive Adverbs)
連接副詞用來連接兩個獨立的句子,並表達它們之間的邏輯關係。它們雖然有「連接」的功能,但在語法上,它們是副詞。
- 常見的連接副詞及其關係:
- 因果: therefore (因此), consequently (結果), as a result (結果)
- 轉折: however (然而), nevertheless (儘管如此), on the other hand (另一方面)
- 並列/補充: moreover (此外), furthermore (此外), in addition (此外)
- 時間: then (然後), meanwhile (同時)
- 結構:
獨立子句; [連接副詞], 獨立子句.
或獨立子句. [連接副詞], 獨立子句.
- 連接副詞前後常有特定的標點符號 (分號; 或 句號.,以及其後的 逗號,)。
- The first phase is complete; however, we still have much to do. (第一階段已完成;然而,我們還有很多事要做。)
- The project was underfunded. Consequently, it could not proceed. (該專案資金不足。因此,它無法進行。)
- 多益考點: 區分連接副詞與連接詞,尤其注意它們的標點符號使用和連接的語法單位。
7.4 總結連接詞的判斷關鍵
- 看連接的語法單位: 是連接單字/片語/獨立子句 (對等連接詞)?還是連接從屬子句和主要子句 (從屬連接詞)?還是連接兩個獨立句子 (連接副詞)?
- 看邏輯關係: 句子之間是並列、轉折、選擇、因果、時間、條件、讓步還是目的?
- 看標點符號: 特別注意分號 (
;
) 和逗號 (,
) 的使用。連接副詞常以;...,
或.....,
形式出現。 - 區分相似詞: 介系詞 (後接名詞/V-ing) vs. 連接詞 (後接子句)。例如
despite
(介系詞) vs.although
(從屬連接詞)。
練習小試身手:
1.The project team is capable ______ completing the task ahead of schedule.
(A) of (B) in (C) for (D) to
- (答案:A - capable of 是固定搭配)
2.Employees are required to sign out ______ leaving the office.
(A) for (B) by (C) after (D) on
- (答案:C - 離開辦公室「之後」簽出)
3.The report must be submitted ______ 5 PM on Friday.
(A) until (B) by (C) in (D) at
- (答案:B - 截止時間用 by)
4."Mr. Chen is in charge of ______ new employees."
選項:(A) acquire (B) acquires (C) acquiring (D) acquired
- 正確答案:(C) acquiring (動名詞)
- 分析: in charge of 是一個固定片語,of 是介系詞,因此其後必須接動名詞 acquiring (招募)。
5."Please submit your application no later ______ Friday."
選項:(A) than (B) then (C) by (D) on
- 正確答案:(A) than
- 分析: no later than 是一個固定的時間表達片語,表示「不遲於...」。這強調了記憶固定搭配的重要性。
6."The manager is responsible ______ supervising the team."
- 選項:(A) in (B) with (C) for (D) to
- 正確答案:(C) for
- 分析: responsible for 是一個高頻的固定搭配,表示「對...負責」。
7."The new policy is designed to reduce costs, ______ it aims to improve efficiency."
- 選項:(A) but (B) so (C) and (D) however
- 正確答案:(C) and
- 分析: 政策不僅降低成本,還提高效率,這是並列關係,用 and 連接最合適。but 和 however 表轉折,so 表結果,都不符合語意。
8."______ the sudden rain, the outdoor event was not canceled."
- 選項:(A) Because (B) Although (C) Despite (D) So that
- 選項分析:
- (A) Because: 連接詞,表示「因為」,後面接子句 (S+V)。不符合語法,且語意不對(因下雨而沒取消?)。
- (B) Although: 連接詞,表示「儘管」,後面接子句 (S+V)。不符合語法,因為後面是名詞片語。
- (C) Despite: 介系詞,表示「儘管,不顧」,後面接名詞、代名詞或動名詞。符合語法。
- (D) So that: 連接詞,表示「以便,為了」,後面接子句 (S+V)。不符合語法和語意。
- 正確答案: (C) Despite
- 解析:Despite 後面接名詞片語 the sudden rain,表達「儘管突然下雨,戶外活動沒有取消」的讓步關係。
- 選項分析:
9."We have received numerous applications; ______, we are still seeking more qualified candidates."
- 選項:(A) therefore (B) and (C) however (D) because
- 正確答案:(C) however
- 分析: 兩個獨立子句間用分號連接,且語意上是轉折關係(收到很多申請,但仍需更多人)。however 是連接副詞,符合語法和語意。and 是對等連接詞,前面用分號不常見且語意不符。therefore 是因果。because 是從屬連接詞,不能用分號連接。
10.The project schedule is tight; ______, the team is confident they can meet the deadline. (A) so (B) and (C) nevertheless (D) because
- (答案:C - 緊湊的時程與自信達成之間是轉折關係,且用分號連接)
11.______ the weather improves, the outdoor concert will be held as planned.
(A) Unless (B) Provided that (C) Despite (D) Because of
- (答案:B - 「只要」天氣改善,演唱會就會舉行,表示條件。Provided that 是從屬連接詞,後面接子句。Unless 表「除非」,語意不符;Despite/Because of 後面要接名詞/Ving)
12.The company decided to merge with a competitor ______ increase its market share. (A) so (B) so that (C) due to (D) therefore
- 解析
- (A) so: so 單獨用作連接詞時,通常表示「因此,所以」,引導結果子句,後面接完整子句 (S+V)。例如: "It rained, so we stayed home."。在這裡不符合語意。
- (B) so that: so that 是連接詞片語,引導目的子句,表示「為了,以便」。後面接完整子句 (S+V)。例如: "He studies hard so that he can pass the exam."。或者,so as to 也能表示目的,但後面直接接動詞原形。
- (C) due to: due to 是介系詞片語,表示「由於,因為」,引導原因,後面接名詞或動名詞。例如: "The delay was due to heavy traffic."。在這裡後面是動詞原形 increase,不符合語法。
- (D) therefore: therefore 是連接副詞,表示「因此,所以」,引導結果。通常用於句首或兩獨立子句之間。例如: "It rained heavily; therefore, the game was canceled."。不符合語意。
- 正確答案: (B) so that
- 解析:句子是 "The company decided to merge with a competitor so that [it could] increase its market share."。雖然 so that 後面常常跟著 can/could,但有時候為了簡潔,在表示目的時,so that 後面的主語和助動詞會被省略,變成 so that + V 的形式,尤其是在口語或較簡潔的寫法中。更精確的來說,so as to increase 會是一個更完美的選擇。
13. "______ it rained suddenly, the outdoor event was not canceled." 選項:(A) Because (B) Although (C) Despite (D) So that
- 空格類型: 需要一個引導讓步狀語的連接詞,表達「儘管...」。空格後面接的是一個完整子句
it rained suddenly
。 - 選項分析:
- (A) Because: 連接詞,表示「因為」,後面接子句 (S+V)。語意不對。
- (B) Although: 連接詞,表示「儘管」,後面接子句 (S+V)。符合語法和語意。
- (C) Despite: 介系詞,表示「儘管,不顧」,後面接名詞、代名詞或動名詞。不符合語法,因為後面是子句。
- (D) So that: 連接詞,表示「以便,為了」,後面接子句 (S+V)。不符合語意。
- 正確答案: (B) Although
- 解析:Although 後面接完整子句 it rained suddenly,表達「儘管突然下雨,戶外活動沒有取消」的讓步關係。
補充: Despite /in spite of和although的差異

1. Despite / In spite of
- 詞性:介系詞片語
- 意思: 儘管、雖然
- 後面接什麼: 名詞 (Noun) 或 動名詞 (Gerund / V-ing)
Despite 和 In spite of 的意思和用法幾乎完全一樣,可以互換。唯一的差別是 Despite 不能接 of (錯誤用法:despite of), 而 In spite of 必須有 of。
結構:
- Despite / In spite of + 名詞 (Noun) / 代名詞 (Pronoun)
- Despite / In spite of + 動名詞 (Gerund / V-ing)
- Despite / In spite of + the fact that + 子句 (Subject + Verb) (這個用法較為正式和冗長,但語法上是正確的)
範例:
- Despite / In spite of the rain, we went for a walk. (儘管下雨,我們還是去散步了。)
- 後面接的是名詞 the rain。
- Despite / In spite of being tired, she continued to work. (儘管很累,她還是繼續工作。)
- 後面接的是動名詞 being tired。
- Despite / In spite of his high qualifications, he didn't get the job. (儘管他資歷很高,他還是沒得到那份工作。)
- 後面接的是名詞片語 his high qualifications。
- Despite / In spite of the fact that the company faced financial difficulties, they decided to expand. (儘管公司面臨財務困難,他們還是決定擴張。)
- 後面接的是 the fact that 引導的子句。
多益常考陷阱:
- Despite of... (❌ 錯誤) -> 應該是 Despite 或 In spite of
- Despite / In spite of + 子句 (❌ 錯誤) -> 介系詞後面不能直接接子句,必須透過
the fact that
轉換。
2. Although
- 詞性:從屬連接詞 (Subordinating Conjunction)
- 意思: 儘管、雖然、雖然
- 後面接什麼: 完整子句 (Subject + Verb)
Although (以及 though
, even though
) 用來引導一個從屬子句,這個子句會與主要子句形成對比關係。
結構:
- Although + 子句 (Subject + Verb), 主要子句
- 主要子句 + although + 子句 (Subject + Verb)
範例:
- Although it rained a lot, we still enjoyed our picnic. (雖然雨下得很大,我們還是很享受野餐。)
- 後面接的是完整子句 it rained a lot。
- He didn't get the job, although he had all the necessary qualifications. (他沒得到那份工作,雖然他有所有必要的資格。)
- 後面接的是完整子句 he had all the necessary qualifications。
- Although she was tired, she kept working. (儘管她很累,她還是繼續工作。)
- 後面接的是完整子句 she was tired。
多益常考陷阱:
- Although + 名詞/V-ing (❌ 錯誤) -> 從屬連接詞後面必須接子句。
- Although + the fact that + 子句 (雖然語法上可行,但通常不用
the fact that
,直接接子句更簡潔)
多益實戰應用策略:
當你看到題目需要選擇 although
、despite
或 in spite of
時,關鍵步驟是:
- 看空格後面是什麼!
- 如果後面是一個有主詞和動詞的完整子句,那答案就是 Although。
- 如果後面是一個名詞、名詞片語或動名詞 (V-ing),那答案就是 Despite 或 In spite of。
練習小試身手:
1.______ the unexpected technical issues, the presentation proceeded smoothly. (A) Although (B) Despite (C) Because (D) So that
- (答案:B - the unexpected technical issues 是名詞片語,需要介系詞)
2.______ the company invested heavily in advertising, its sales did not significantly increase. (A) In spite of (B) Despite (C) Although (D) Due to
- (答案:C - the company invested heavily in advertising 是完整子句,需要從屬連接詞)
3.The event was a great success ______ the poor weather conditions. (A) although (B) because (C) in spite of (D) so that
- (答案:C - the poor weather conditions 是名詞片語,需要介系詞片語)