6. 比較級與最高級句型
比較級和最高級是多益中常見的考點,用於表達事物之間的程度差異。
6.1 比較級 (Comparative Degree)
- 結構:
形容詞/副詞 + -er / more + 形容詞/副詞 + than
- 用途: 比較兩者之間的差異。
- 範例:
- This proposal is more detailed than the previous one. (這個提案比前一個更詳細。)
- She works harder than anyone else in the team. (她比團隊中任何人都努力。)
常見變化:
- 單音節詞: 後加
-er
(e.g.,tall
→taller
,fast
→faster
) - 多音節詞: 前加
more
(e.g.,important
→more important
,efficient
→more efficient
) - 以 y 結尾雙音節詞: 去
y
加-ier
(e.g.,easy
→easier
,happy
→happier
) - 不規則變化:
good/well
→better
,bad/badly
→worse
,much/many
→more
,little
→less
,far
→farther/further
6.2 最高級 (Superlative Degree)
- 結構:
the + 形容詞/副詞 + -est / the most + 形容詞/副詞 + (in/of...)
- 用途: 比較三者或三者以上,表示「最...的」。
- 範例:
- This is the most innovative product in the market. (這是市場上最具創新性的產品。)
- He is the fastest runner in the company. (他是公司裡跑得最快的人。)
- 單音節詞: 前加
the
,後加-est
(e.g.,tall
→the tallest
,fast
→the fastest
) - 多音節詞: 前加
the most
(e.g.,important
→the most important
,efficient
→the most efficient
) - 以 y 結尾雙音節詞: 去
y
加-iest
(e.g.,easy
→the easiest
,happy
→the happiest
) - 不規則變化:
good/well
→best
,bad/badly
→worst
,much/many
→most
,little
→least
,far
→farthest/furthest
6.3 比較級常見句型
- as...as... (和...一樣): 表示同等程度。
- The new model is as efficient as the old one. (新型號和舊型號一樣高效。)
- not as/so...as... (不如...):
- This solution is not as practical as we expected. (這個解決方案不如我們預期的實用。)
- the + 比較級, the + 比較級 (越...越...):
- The more you practice, the better you will become. (你練習得越多,就會變得越好。)
- no less...than... (和...一樣...;不亞於...)
- His contribution was no less important than hers. (他的貢獻和她的一樣重要。)
7.連接詞與平行結構
連接詞是將單字、片語或子句連接起來的橋樑,是構成複合句和複雜句的關鍵。
7.1 對等連接詞
- 功能: 連接兩個地位相等的單字、片語或子句。
- 詞語:
for
,and
,nor
,but
,or
,yet
,so
(縮寫為FANBOYS
)。 - 範例: We finalized the report, and we sent it to the client.
7.2 從屬連接詞
- 功能: 引導從屬子句,使其依附於主句。
- 詞語: 引導名詞子句、形容詞子句、副詞子句的詞 (如
that
,if
,when
,because
,although
等)。 - 範例: Because the system was down, we couldn't access the data.
7.3 連接副詞
- 功能: 連接兩個獨立完整的句子,並表達邏輯關係。
- 詞語:
however
,therefore
,moreover
,consequently
,meanwhile
等。 - 注意: 通常用分號或句號連接,前後常有逗號。
- 範例: The project was challenging; however, the team managed to complete it on time.
7.4 平行結構
- 功能: 在句子中,所有被連接詞(尤其是
and
,or
,but
)連接的成分,其語法形式必須一致。 - 範例:
- 正確: The new employee is skilled, hardworking, and reliable. (都是形容詞)
- 錯誤: The new employee is skilled, hardworking, and a person with reliability.
- 正確: She enjoys reading, swimming, and hiking. (都是動名詞)
- 錯誤: She enjoys reading, swimming, and to hike.
8. 一致性原則的補充:代名詞一致性
除了主謂一致,代名詞也必須與其所指代的先行詞在數上保持一致。
- 單數先行詞 (
a company
,a person
,everyone
,each
) → 單數代名詞 (it
,he/she
,its/his/her
) - 複數先行詞 (
employees
,companies
,they
) → 複數代名詞 (they
,their
,them
) - 範例:
- Each employee must complete his or her performance review.
- All the companies are responsible for their own data.
9. 多益句型與語法特點高分攻略
多益的句型考題不僅測試你的辨識能力,更測試你在長難句中找出核心語法點的能力。
- 善用「去蕪存菁」法: 在長句子中,先找出主詞和主要動詞。再移除介系詞片語、副詞、修飾語等非必要成分,就能看清句子的骨架。
- 範例: The new marketing strategy, designed by an expert team from overseas, aims to increase market share significantly by next quarter.
- 骨架: The new marketing strategy aims to increase market share.
- 句型聯想: 看到某些動詞或形容詞,立即聯想到其固定句型。
- find + O + C (e.g., find it challenging)
- make + O + C (e.g., make him happy)
- consider + O + C (e.g., consider him reliable)
- be + 形容詞 + to V (e.g., be difficult to achieve)
- 倒裝句多加小心: 遇到句子開頭是否定副詞、
only
+ 副詞、Were
/Had
/Should
時,要特別注意動詞和主詞的位置。 - 區分各類子句功能:
- 名詞子句: 看它在句中是否充當主詞、受詞或補語。
- 形容詞子句: 看它是否修飾前面的名詞,以及關係代名詞在子句中的成分。
- 副詞子句: 看它是否修飾動詞或整個句子,並表達時間、原因、條件、讓步等關係。
- 主詞動詞一致性是永恆考點: 無論句子多複雜,永遠先找出正確的主詞,再判斷動詞形式。
10. 綜合練習題詳解
練習1 (主詞動詞一致性 - 介系詞片語陷阱)
"The performance of the new models ______ greatly from the previous ones." (A) differ (B) differs (C) are differing (D) have differed
正確答案:(B) differs
詳細分析:
- 主詞:
The performance
(表現) 是單數名詞。of the new models
是介系詞片語,修飾performance
,不是句子的主詞。 - 時態: 句子沒有明確時間提示,通常使用現在簡單式表達普遍情況或特性。
- 主謂一致: 單數主詞
performance
需要搭配單數動詞differs
。 - 語意: 新型號的性能與舊型號有很大不同。
練習2 (倒裝句 - 否定副詞開頭)
"Not until all the forms ______ submitted will the application process begin." (A) are (B) is (C) has (D) having
正確答案:(A) are
詳細分析:
- 句首標誌:
Not until
是否定副詞片語置於句首,導致主句倒裝 (will the application process begin
)。 - 從句動詞: 否定副詞後的從句 (
all the forms ______ submitted
) 遵循正常語序。 - 從句主詞:
all the forms
(所有表格) 是複數。 - 動詞形式: 表格是「被提交」的,所以需要被動語態,且主詞是複數,故用
are submitted
。 - 語意: 只有當所有表格提交後,申請程序才會開始。
練習3 (名詞子句)
"The committee needs to decide ______ to approve the proposal or not." (A) that (B) what (C) whether (D) how
正確答案:(C) whether
詳細分析:
decide
後面通常接不定詞或名詞子句作受詞。- 句末的
or not
是關鍵提示,表示「是否」的意思。 whether
用於引導名詞子句,表示「是否」,常與or not
連用。that
引導的名詞子句通常表示「某個事實」,不與or not
連用。what
和how
在此語境下語意不符。- 語意: 委員會需要決定是否批准這項提案。
練習4 (形容詞子句 - 關代省略)
"The instructions ______ were included in the package are essential for installation." (A) who (B) that (C) what (D) whom
正確答案:(B) that
詳細分析:
- 句子中缺少一個關係代名詞來引導修飾
instructions
(說明書) 的形容詞子句。 instructions
是事物,所以可以使用that
或which
作關係代名詞。who
和whom
用於指人。what
引導的是名詞子句,不能作形容詞子句。- 語意: 包裝中包含的說明對於安裝至關重要。
練習5 (副詞子句 - 條件)
"Customers can claim a full refund ______ they return the product within 30 days." (A) despite (B) although (C) provided that (D) in addition to
正確答案:(C) provided that
詳細分析:
- 空格後是完整子句
they return the product within 30 days
。 - 語意表示「在...條件下」可以退款。
despite
和in addition to
後接名詞或動名詞。although
表示「儘管」,語意不符。provided that
(或providing that
) 表示「假如;如果」,引導條件子句。- 語意: 只要顧客在30天內退回產品,就可以申請全額退款。
練習6 (比較級 - as...as
)
"The new marketing campaign is ______ effective ______ the previous one." (A) so, as (B) as, as (C) more, than (D) too, as
正確答案:(B) as, as
詳細分析:
- 句子表示兩個行銷活動的效果是「一樣」的。
as...as...
結構用於表示同等程度的比較。more...than...
用於不同程度的比較。- 語意: 新的行銷活動和之前的活動一樣有效。
練習7 (主動簡化)
"The new software, ______ by our engineering team, has significantly improved our efficiency." (A) developing (B) developed (C) which developed (D) is developing
正確答案:(B) developed
分析:
- 空格修飾
the new software
。 - 軟體是「被開發」的,而不是「開發」動作的執行者。
- 這是一個關係子句
which was developed
的簡化,省略了which was
。 - 因此,應使用過去分詞 (developed) 表示被動語態。
- 語意:新軟體,由我們的工程團隊開發的,已顯著提高我們的效率。
練習8 (被動簡化)
"Candidates ______ in the upcoming job fair are advised to bring their resumes." (A) interested (B) interesting (C) who interested (D) are interested
正確答案:(A) interested
分析:
- 空格修飾
candidates
。 - 應徵者是「被感興趣」或「對...感興趣」,而不是「使...感興趣」。
- 這是一個關係子句
who are interested
的簡化。 - 因此,應使用過去分詞 (interested) 表示被動語態 (be interested in)。
- 語意:對即將到來的招聘會感興趣的候選人,建議攜帶他們的履歷。
練習9 (主動簡化)
"The committee members ______ at the meeting agreed to postpone the decision." (A) were present (B) presenting (C) who were present (D) present
正確答案:(D) present
分析:
- 空格修飾
committee members
。 - 這是一個關係子句
who were present
(關係代名詞 + be 動詞 + 形容詞) 的簡化。 - 省略
who were
,只留下形容詞 present。 presenting
表示「正在呈現」,語意不符。- 語意:出席會議的委員會成員同意延期決定。