雲程說明:
日前,Woody兄提到大清皇帝也兼有「博格達汗」的頭銜,而這頭銜就是蒙古大汗的頭銜(之一)。由於與拙作所推論的模型一致,即大清是一個【「滿蒙」+藏+關內】的聯合帝國,但大清皇帝兼蒙古大汗的資料卻極為難尋。故央求朋友找出近似的資料可以做為進一步的參考。
答案似乎仍舊「迴盪在空中」!
台灣人也要瞭解這段歷史的原因,共和中國是過去大清演變過來的,雖然不是百分之百演變,而是類似【帝國解體+政府繼承】的綜合體。故瞭解大清的本質,對於瞭解中國,是極為基本的功夫。
瞭解中國與變遷的規矩,當然也是瞭解台灣地位的基本功之一。
以下是翻譯自朋友的說明,與所提供Pamela Kyle Crossley 所著:“A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology”的段落(翻譯是雲程自己幹下的勾當,與朋友無關)。.
Khan就是「汗」。
蒙古有三座佛教的聖山,其中一座為博格達汗山(Bogd Khan mountain)。
大清皇帝的確擁有博格達汗的頭銜。
但是,博格達汗顯然有佛教的淵源。根據網頁,博格達和是蒙古領袖的頭銜,也是活佛之意,此稱呼一直沿用二十世紀初。
此外,唐代的李氏的確擁有北方游牧民族的血統。但基於以下資料,所謂的「天可汗」是給「唐太宗」個人的。
以下的段落是摘自由Pamela Kyle Crossley所著:《半透明的鏡子:大清帝國意識型態的歷史與身份》(A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology)
在女真(Jurchen)政治詞彙中,「汗」的意義為領袖。有時,此頭銜會是用在皇帝身上,如明帝國的尼勘(Nikans)皇帝(nikan i han)、或者國王(或親王),如朝鮮王(solgo i han),或佛陀(蒙語的Burkhan,或滿語的Burhan)。(138頁)
「汗」這個字,有賴戰爭,且原本可能只為進攻或防衛而統一聯盟者。因而,能控制政治穩定的「汗」,有時能變成一個「朝代」,而能將「汗」位傳遞給嫡子。這並非指嫡長子繼承(primogeniture),也非為防止衝突殘殺。(139頁)
努爾哈赤早期(1582年)的「汗」,其模式為「王」(wan),意義為哈達聯盟的領袖,統治著Kaiyuan東方的Guangshun隘口,並將「汗」位傳給其兒子Hurhan而建制化。(140頁)
做為一位「汗」,努爾哈赤成為政治人,擁有奴隸(aha)的主要所有者。奴隸是「子」,其所有者是「父」。稍後的金與清統治者,不僅從東北傳統中,也從蒙古「大汗」系統中借用這概念,而在後者中,「可汗」(khaghan)視為「奴隸的主子」來統治蒙古部族。(140頁)
努爾哈赤與皇太極正式使用「養育」一詞描述與其統治下人民的關係,這是「主奴」模型的擴展形式。聯盟的條件很簡單,適用於所有地方,無論其語言、習俗或習慣。很顯然的,滿洲的影響仍舊存在,即主奴是以「親愛精誠」(love)為連結。(141頁)
起先,給努爾哈赤蒙古語的「喀爾沁部」(Khorchins)做為「汗」第一個頭銜。在1606年努爾哈赤擊敗蒙古後,則尊稱努爾哈赤為「昆督倫汗」(Kundulun khan)或「女真昆督連汗」(Jurchen Kundulen han)。此頭銜的崇高性專為努爾哈赤「個人」,而非給「建州女真」。其「汗」等級,是源於也限制在他個人與「喀爾沁部」的關係上。對其女真部眾而言,努爾哈赤仍為「智慧族長」(Wise Beile或Wise headman)。
在一段短時間之內,他變更其頭銜為「開明之汗」(Enlightened Khan或Genggiyan han)。在1616年,努爾哈赤宣布其為李氏朝鮮(Yi court)的「建州女真之汗」。1618年,努爾哈赤建立「金」。(142-143頁)
【清史學者Comment】
「汗」是蒙古領袖的頭銜沒錯,但是蒙古有諸多部落,每個部落有一個「汗」,很難說博格達汗這個名稱究竟是哪些部落上給清帝,而且是否這個稱號可以被「每個清帝」繼承。既然「天可汗」只是給唐太宗個人,既然「汗」的地位確立建立在戰功上,雖然在滿州,「汗」的稱謂轉成世襲,但這不代表在蒙古也已經轉成世襲。就算是,這個轉變何時發生呢?所以這個稱謂被多少部落承認,以及何時或是否可以繼承是個問題?
清帝擁有「博格達汗」的稱謂,其確實性特別是細節,尚待進一步資料的確認。
其次,努爾哈赤的「汗」是來自於另一個哈達聯盟的領袖Wan(不知中文翻譯如何,但這裡指的不是「王」的概念),這個人統治著…,而將汗位傳承建置化。
蒙古的喀爾沁部在1606年被努爾哈赤大敗後,首次上給努爾哈赤個人一個「昆督倫汗」的頭銜(中文譯名不確定),以界定努爾哈赤個人與喀爾沁部的統治關係。
另外,當金國建立後,努爾哈赤則自認為「朝鮮人的金國大汗」。
【原文】
There are three sacred (Buddhist) mountains in Mongolia . One of them is Bogd Khan mountain. (http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/936/)
The following passages are cited from the book “A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology”, written by Pamela Kyle Crossley.
"In Jurchen political vocabulary, 'khan' meant a leader. With qualifications, the word was applied to emperors--for instance, 'emperor of the Nikans (nikan i han), the Ming emperors; to 'kings' (normally in Chinese wang, sometimes translated into English as 'prince'), as the kings of Korea (solgo i han); or to the Buddha (Mongolian Burkhan, Manchu Burhan)." (138)
"[The term] depended upon frequent engagement in war and originally may have existed solely for the purpose of uniting multiple federations for more effective attack or defense. As such larger orders gained political stability the khans sometimes became dynastic, attempting to pass the khanship through a single lineage. This does not imply primogeniture, nor did it prevent internecine strife." (139)
"Nurgaci's earliest model as khan was Wan (d. 1582), the leader of the Hada federation, who dominated commerce at Guangshun Pass , east of Kaiyuan.... [Wan]... institutionalize his khanship by passing it to his son Hurhan." (140)
"As a kahn, Nurgaci became as a political person the primary owner of slaves. The 'slave' (aha) is a child, and the owner is the parent.... [The later Jin and Qing rulers] borrowed not only from Northeastern traditions but also from Mongolian great khanship, in which the khaghan had also ruled his Mongols as a master rules his slaves." (140)
"The terms for fatherly support (ujimbi, yang, yu) that Nurgaci and Hung Taiji normally used to describe their relationship to the people under their control were extensions of the basic master-slave model... The term of affiliation was simple and level, applying to all regardless of language, custom, or habitat. It was also strongly marked by the affective basis that Manchu political vocabulary would retain: The lord and slave are linked by love...." (141)
"The first to title Nurgaci 'khan' were Mongolian-speaking Khorchins. After their defeat by Nurgaci in 1606 they made themselves amiable by acknowledging him as Kundulun khan (Jurchen Kundulen han). The superiority the title implied was directed at Nurgaci personally (not at the Jianzhou Jurchens generally), and his khanal rank was derived from--and limited to--his relationship to the Khorchins. To his Jurchen followers he remained 'Wise Beile' [beile means headman] (Sure beile, which may have been inspired by the Mongolian Sechen khan)... Within a short time he changed his title again, to 'Enlightened Khan' (Genggiyan han)... In 1616 Nurgaci announced himself to the Yi court [of Korea ] as Khan of the Jianzhou; not until 1618 did he share the dynastic name Jin with them." (142-143)