多益|第四章：詞彙與閱讀策略[6] - 句子簡化文法

多益常見的句子簡化文法

在多益測驗中，特別是在閱讀部分，文章經常會使用簡化的句子結構，目的是讓表達更精練。掌握這些文法，能幫助你更快速、準確地理解文章，並在文法填空題中做出正確判斷。

1. 分詞片語

➤現在分詞 (-ing)：當動詞是主動語態時

• • 適用情境： 當關係子句中的動詞是主動語態時，可省略關係代名詞和 be 動詞，將動詞改為 -ing 形式。
  • 完整句： The manager who is overseeing the project is very experienced.
  • 簡化句： The manager overseeing the project is very experienced.
  • 更多範例：
    The customers who are waiting for the shuttle bus should go to the front entrance.
    → The customers waiting for the shuttle bus should go to the front entrance.

➤過去分詞 (-ed)：當動詞是被動語態時

• • 適用情境： 當關係子句中的動詞是被動語態時，可省略關係代名詞和 be 動詞，直接使用 -ed 形式的動詞。
  • 完整句： The report that was submitted yesterday has been approved.
  • 簡化句： The report submitted yesterday has been approved.
  • 更多範例：
    The equipment which was delivered last week is now being installed.
    → The equipment delivered last week is now being installed.

補充：後位形容詞

當形容詞放在它所修飾的名詞「後面」時，我們稱之為「後位形容詞 (Postpositive Adjective)」。這與我們常見的「前位形容詞」 (prepositive adjective)，如 a beautiful flower (形容詞 beautiful 放在名詞 flower 前面)，有所不同。

• 後位形容詞的結構： 名詞 + 形容詞/分詞 ​舉例： the item ordered (商品 被訂購的)

➤活用分詞構句，簡化副詞子句

這種技巧也常被稱為「分詞構句」，用來簡化表示時間、原因或條件的副詞子句。副詞子句主詞與主句相同時，可以省略主詞 + be 動詞，用 V-ing 代替。

• 完整句：After she finished the report, she sent it to her boss.
• 簡化後：After finishing the report, she sent it to her boss.
  
• 完整句： When you arereplying, please include your order number.
• 簡化後： When replying, please include your order number.

  (回覆時，請附上您的訂單編號。)

➤ 同位語片語

同位語片語用來重新命名、定義或提供額外資訊，通常用逗號與主句隔開，使句子更簡潔。

• 完整句： Mr. Chen, who is a senior manager, will be in charge of the team.
• 簡化句： Mr. Chen, a senior manager, will be in charge of the team.
• 更多範例：
• • The new office building, which is the tallest in the city, is located downtown.
  • → The new office building, the tallest in the city, is located downtown.

➤ 介系詞片語與不定詞片語

這兩種片語都能將表示原因、目的、條件等的子句，簡化為一個更精簡的片語。

➤表示原因：(介系詞片語+N)

• • 適用情境： 當原因後面接名詞或名詞片語時，可用介系詞片語簡化。
  • 完整句： Because the weather was bad, the meeting was postponed.
  • 簡化句： Due to the bad weather, the meeting was postponed.
  • 更多範例：
    The company is hiring more staff due to its recent expansion.
    The project was delayed on account of a lack of funding.

➤表示目的：(不定詞片語+V)

• • 適用情境： 當目的後面接動詞時，可用不定詞片語簡化。
  • 完整句： The team held a meeting so that they could discuss the new strategy.
  • 簡化句： The team held a meeting to discuss the new strategy.
  • 更多範例：
    The company is raising funds to expand their business.
    The CEO arrived early to meet the international clients.

➤ 複合形容詞

將兩個或多個單字用連字號（-）連結起來，共同修飾一個名詞，用來取代一個較長的子句或片語。

• 數值 + 名詞 (單數)：
• • 完整表達： a contract that lasts for three years.
  • 複合形容詞： a three-year contract. (為期三年的合約)
  • 更多範例：
    a 20-page report (一份20頁的報告)
    a 3-day workshop (一個為期三天的研討會)

副詞 + 過去分詞 (-ed)：

• • 完整表達： a company that is well known.
  • 複合形容詞： a well-known company. (一家知名的公司)
  • 更多範例：
    a well-written proposal (一份寫得很好的提案)
    a highly-regarded expert (一位備受尊敬的專家)

名詞 + 現在分詞 (-ing)：

• • 完整表達： a person that is looking for a job.
  • 複合形容詞： a job-seeking person. (一個找工作的人)
  • 更多範例：
    a problem-solving approach (一種解決問題的方法)
    a time-saving strategy (一種省時的策略)

多益句子簡化文法練習題

請選擇最適合的答案填入空格。

1. The documents ______ by the manager are now being reviewed. (A) written (B) writing (C) which wrote (D) which is written
2. Ms. Lin, ______ of the new branch, has been working for the company for ten years. (A) a director (B) who is a director (C) direct (D) she is a director
3. The goods ______ from our warehouse will arrive within three days. (A) shipping (B) shipped (C) are shipped (D) which ship
4. The presentation was postponed ______ some technical issues with the projector. (A) because (B) because of (C) for (D) due
5. The team members ______ on the new project meet every morning. (A) working (B) who work (C) they are working (D) worked
6. The company is offering a two-week internship. (A) two-week (B) two-weeks (C) two week (D) two weeks

答案與詳解

1. 答案：(A) written
2. • 詳解： 這是過去分詞片語簡化的句子。documents 和 write 是被動關係，文件是被寫的，所以簡化後應選擇過去分詞 written。
2. 答案：(A) a director
3. • 詳解： 這是一個同位語片語的考題。選項 (A) a director 用來解釋 Ms. Lin 的身分，是簡化後的同位語片語。
3. 答案：(B) shipped
4. • 詳解： 這也是過去分詞片語簡化的考題。goods 和 ship 是被動關係，貨物是被運送的。簡化後應選擇過去分詞 shipped。
4. 答案：(B) because of
5. • 詳解： 空格後面是名詞片語 some technical issues。當表示原因，後面接名詞片語時，應使用介系詞片語 because of 或 due to。
5. 答案：(A) working
6. • 詳解： 這是一個現在分詞片語簡化的句子。team members 和 work 是主動關係，組員是「正在工作」的。簡化後應選擇現在分詞 working。
6. 答案：(A) two-week
7. • 詳解： 這是一個複合形容詞的考題。two 和 week 組成一個複合形容詞來修飾 internship，中間需用連字號（-）連結，且名詞部分 week 必須使用單數形式。