【接種疫苗】必學英文單字大補帖，你不可不知的「疫情英文」知識！

【免疫系統、免疫缺陷、自動免疫、被動免疫、群體免疫、社區免疫】英文單字

1. active immunity 自動免疫、主動免疫

• 劍橋字典解釋: the situation in which the body produces its own antibodies 身體產生自身抗體的情況
• 例句：The methods of active immunity have been practically applied in preventive inoculation against disease. 主動免疫方法已在疾病預防接種中得到實際應用。

2. passive immunity 被動免疫

• 劍橋字典解釋: protection against disease in the form of antibodies that come from someone else, for example from the mother's milk
  以來自其他人的抗體形式預防疾病，例如來自母乳
• 例句：Passive immunity is passed naturally from mother to infant when breast-feeding. 被動免疫是在母乳喂養時從母親自然傳遞給嬰兒的。

3. herd immunity/community immunity 群體免疫/社區免疫

• 群體免疫解釋: protection from an infectious disease when enough people have become immune 當足夠多的人獲得免疫力時，可以保護免受傳染病的侵害
• 例句：Herd immunity may be achieved through previous infection or through vaccination. 可以透過先前的感染或疫苗接種來實現群體免疫。

【病原體、抗體、抗原、佐劑】英文單字

4. pathogen 病原體

• 劍橋字典解釋: any small organism, such as a virus or a bacterium that can cause disease任何可以引起疾病的小生物，例如病毒或細菌
• 例句：The doctors have not been able to ascertain the pathogens that caused his cancer. 醫生到現在還找不到讓他致癌的病原體。

5. antigen 抗原

• 劍橋字典解釋: a harmful substance that causes the body's immune system to react, especially by producing antibodies導致身體免疫系統反應的有害物質，特別是產生抗體
• 例句：He will accept a negative antigen test taken within 48 hours of arrival on the island. 在抵達島上48小時內，他將進行陰性抗原檢測。

6. antibody 抗體

• 劍橋字典解釋: a protein produced in the blood that fights diseases by attacking and killing harmful bacteria, viruses, etc.
  血液中產生的一種蛋白質，通過攻擊和殺死有害細菌、病毒等來對抗疾病
• 例句：Antibodies found in breast milk protect newborn babies against infection. 在母乳中發現的抗體可以保護新生兒免受感染。

7. adjuvant 佐劑 (非特異性免疫增生劑)

• 劍橋字典解釋: a substance that strengthens the body's immune response
  增強身體免疫反應的物質
• 例句：Using vaccine adjuvant to enhance immunogenicity.
  使用疫苗佐劑增強免疫原性。

【體外試驗、動物試驗、體內試驗、臨床試驗】英文單字

8. vitro testing 體外試驗/ animal testing 動物試驗/ vivo testing 體內試驗/ clinical trial 臨床試驗

• 臨床試驗 Merriam 字典解釋: a scientifically controlled study of the safety and effectiveness of a therapeutic agent (such as a drug or vaccine) using consenting human subjects 受試著同意參加臨床試驗（例如藥物或疫苗）的安全性和有效性進行科學控制的研究
• 例句：Historically, vaccine development and clinical trials can take 10-15 years. 從歷史上看，疫苗開發和臨床試驗可能需要 10-15 年的時間。

【疫苗效力、疫苗效果、疫苗接種、一劑、注射】英文單字

9. inoculate/ vaccinate 疫苗接種

• 劍橋字典解釋: to give a weak form of a disease to a person or animal, usually by injection, as a protection against that disease
  給一個人或動物一種低傳染性的疾病，通常通過注射，對抗這種疾病
• 例句：My parents have been inoculated against COVID-19.
  我的父母已經接種疫苗對抗 COVID-19。

10. dose 一劑

• 劍橋字典解釋: a measured amount of something such as medicine 藥物等的一劑
• 例句：The nurse gave me my first dose of vaccine yesterday.
  護士昨天給了我第一劑疫苗。
  The label says to take one dose three times a day.
  標籤上寫著每次一劑，每日三次。

11. inject/jab/shot 注射

• 劍橋字典解釋: to use a needle and syringe (注射器) to put a liquid such as a drug into a person's body使用針頭和注射器將藥物等液體注入人體
• 例句：I asked the nurse to inject the vaccine in my right arm because I'm left-handed. 我讓護士在我的右臂注射疫苗，因為我是左撇子。
  It's time for another injection. 又該打針了。

【不良事件、不良反應、副作用、疫苗失敗感染】英文單字

12. adverse event 不良事件

• 不良事件解釋: any health problem that happens after vaccination. A reported adverse event is followed up by experts to determine whether it was linked to the vaccine or purely coincidental 接種疫苗後發生的任何健康問題。專家對報告的不良事件進行跟踪，以確定它是否與疫苗有關或純屬巧合。
• 例句：In the USA vaccinated people can report any adverse event online. 在美國接種疫苗的人可以線上報告任何不良事件。

13. adverse effect 不良反應/ side effect 副作用

• 副作用解釋: an unpleasant effect of a drug that happens in addition to the main effect除了主要作用之外的不良反應
• 例句：Does this drug have any side effects? 這種藥有什麽副作用嗎？

14. breakthrough cases/ breakthrough infection 疫苗失敗的感染

• 解釋: when a fully vaccinated person later gets the disease they were vaccinated for當一個接種疫苗的人後來感染了他們接種疫苗的疾病。
• 例句：In extreme breakthrough cases patients may be hospitalized.
  在極端的疫苗失敗的感染案例中，患者可能需要住院治療。