SARS、MERS 到 COVID-19——病毒如何「攻城」腎臟
進入 21 世紀,冠狀病毒家族輪番上場:SARS 像硬碰硬的鬥士、MERS 像鎖定目標的刺客、COVID-19 則像指揮多線包圍的「圍城戰」。腎臟成了戰場要地:有時被波及,有時成為直擊目標,有時又被微血栓與基因風險夾擊。
一、逐句重點文法解析
- “SARS in 2003: the blunt brawler”
— 標題省略動詞,名詞同位語「冒號」解說;blunt brawler 為隱喻(鬥士)。 - “Acute kidney injury occurred, but reported rates were relatively low, around 6.7 percent.”
— 轉折 but;數字表達 around 6.7 percent(小數與 percent 的用法)。 - “MERS … reported between 27 and 42 percent.”
— 區間表達 between A and B;注意 27–42% 的短橫線寫法在正式文可用 en dash。 - “The key was the receptor … DPP4.”
— 名詞同位語 apposition(DPP4 說明 receptor);冒號強化定義。 - “Like its cousins, SARS-CoV-2 needs a key to enter cells. Its master key is the ACE2 receptor.”
— 明喻延伸(key / master key);第二句 It 作形式主詞帶出定義句。 - “The jury is still out, but the weight of evidence suggests …”
— 學術寫作的「保留語氣」:the jury is still out(觀點未定)、the weight of evidence suggests(證據傾向於…)。 - “COVID-19 is not only a respiratory disease. It is a vascular disease.”
— 拆句式 not only … but (also) …,加強語氣、避免過長。
二、重要單字與片語
- acute kidney injury / AKI (n.) 急性腎損傷
Ex: AKI rates vary widely in COVID-19. - receptor (n.) 受體
Ex: ACE2 is a receptor on kidney cells. - infiltrate (v.) 滲入、侵入
Ex: The virus may infiltrate tubular cells. - proximal tubule (n.) 近端腎小管
Ex: Viral particles were found in the proximal tubule. - endothelial (adj.) 內皮的
Ex: Endothelial injury can trigger clots. - microthrombi (n.) 微血栓
Ex: Microthrombi can starve the glomeruli. - podocyte (n.) 足細胞
Ex: Podocyte injury leads to heavy proteinuria. - variant (n.) 基因變異型
Ex: Certain APOL1 variants raise kidney risk.
三、相近片語比較
- range from A to B vs. vary between A and B
range 多用「範圍」敘述;vary 強調「在…之間變動」。 - suggest vs. indicate
suggest 語氣較弱(暗示、傾向);indicate 較直接(指出)。
四、易混淆比較
- percent(百分比數值:10 percent)vs. percentage(比例概念:a high percentage)
- less vs. fewer:less 修飾不可數(less evidence),fewer 修飾可數(fewer cases)。
五、小結
這一段用「三種病毒三種戰法」解開為何 COVID-19 對腎臟特別棘手:它能直攻(ACE2 進入)、能放火(發炎風暴與缺氧)、能斷水(內皮損傷與微血栓)、甚至點燃沉睡的基因風險。語言上學到定義句、學術保留語氣與數字表達;醫學上理解同一家族病毒也會有不同的腎臟路徑。