眾所周知,很多人會因為臺灣在外交上的弱勢,而對臺灣的未來感到悲觀,但是,你真的覺得發達國家,如美國、日本不挺臺灣,他們不會守護臺灣的民主自由嗎?還是說,他們其實也在一些重要外交文件上,為臺灣的民主留了火種呢?
其實,確實是有的,今天我們主要來談談,美國為臺灣民主留的火種。
大家都知道,決定臺灣與美國外交命運的有一法三公報,今天我們主要來談談,最晚出現,爭議最大,也最常被中共拿來說嘴的817公報。
中國常常提世界上只有一個中國,臺灣自古以來是中國不可分割的一部分,並且這是普遍國際共識。然而,事情真的是這樣嗎?
關於817公報的原文我先放在這裡,由於這是美國跟中國簽署的正式外交文件,按照國際慣例,我們應該關注「英文版本」
Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China (the 1982 Communique) August 17, 1982 1.In the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations on January 1, 1979, issued by the Government of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, the United States of America recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China, and it acknowledged the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China. Within that context, the two sides agreed that the people of the United States would continue to maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan. On this basis, relations between the United States and China were normalized. 2.The question of United States arms sales to Taiwan was not settled in the course of negotiations between the two countries on establishing diplomatic relations. The two sides held differing positions, and the Chinese side stated that it would raise the issue again following normalization. Recognizing that this issue would seriously hamper the development of United States - China relations, they have held further discussions on it, during and since the meetings between President Ronald Reagan and Premier Zhao Ziyang and between Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig, Jr. and Vice Premier and Foreign Minister Huang Hua in October 1981. 3.Respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity and non-interference in each other's internal affairs constitute the fundamental principles guiding United States China relations. These principles were confirmed in the Shanghai Communique of February 28, 1972 and reaffirmed in the Joint Communique on the Establishment Of Diplomatic Relations which came into effect on January 1, 1979. Both sides emphatically state that these principles continue to govern all aspects of their relations. 4.The Chinese Government reiterates that the question of Taiwan is China's internal affair. The Message to Compatriots in Taiwan issued by China on January 1, 1979 promulgated a fundamental policy of striving for peaceful reunification of the motherland. The Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981 represented a further major effort under this fundamental policy to strive for a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question. 5.The United States Government attaches great importance to its relations with China, and reiterates that it has no intention of infringing on Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity, or interfering in China's internal affairs, or pursuing a policy of "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan." The United States Government understands and appreciates the Chinese policy of striving for a peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question as indicated in China's Message to Compatriots in Taiwan issued on January 1, 1979 and the Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981. The new situation which has emerged with regard to the Taiwan question also provides favorable conditions for the settlement of United States - China differences over United States arms sales to Taiwan. 6.Having in mind the foregoing statements of both sides, the United States Government states that it does not seek to carry out a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan, that its arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed, either in qualitative or in quantitative terms, the level of those supplied in recent years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and China, and that it intends gradually to reduce its sale of arms to Taiwan, leading, over a period of time, to a final resolution. In so stating, the United States acknowledges China's consistent position regarding the thorough settlement of this issue. 7.In order to bring about, over a period of time, a final settlement of the question of United States arms sales to Taiwan, which is an issue rooted in history, the two Governments will make every effort to adopt measures and create conditions conducive to the thorough settlement of this issue. 8.The development of United States - China relations is not only in the interests of the two peoples but also conducive to peace and stability in the world. The two sides are determined, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, to strengthen their ties in the economic, cultural, educational, scientific, technological and other fields and make strong, joint efforts for the continued development of relations between the Governments and peoples of the United States and China. 9.In order to bring about the healthy development of United States - China relations, maintain world peace and oppose aggression and expansion, the two Governments reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communique and the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. The two sides will maintain contact and hold appropriate consultations on bilateral and international issues of common interest.
看不懂沒關係,我們來看看GPT翻譯的內容:
以下是1982年《中美八一七公報》(Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, August 17, 1982)的精準中文翻譯,保留外交措辭的細微差異,以確保符合原文的真正含義。 --- 美利堅合眾國與中華人民共和國聯合公報 1982年8月17日 1.在1979年1月1日,美利堅合眾國政府與中華人民共和國政府發表關於建立外交關係的聯合公報。美利堅合眾國承認中華人民共和國政府是中國的唯一合法政府,並認知(acknowledge)中國方面的立場,即「世界上只有一個中國,台灣是中國的一部分」。在此背景下,雙方同意,美國人民將繼續與台灣人民保持文化、商業及其他非官方關係。在此基礎上,美中關係得以正常化。 2.在雙方關於建立外交關係的談判過程中,美國對台軍售問題並未獲得解決。雙方在此問題上持不同立場,中方表示,在雙方關係正常化後,將再次提出這一問題。認識到此問題可能嚴重阻礙美中關係的發展,雙方於1981年10月美國總統羅納德·雷根與中國國務院總理趙紫陽會晤,以及美國國務卿亞歷山大·黑格(Alexander M. Haig, Jr.)與中國國務院副總理兼外交部長黃華會談期間,進一步就此問題進行討論,並自此持續進行磋商。 3.尊重彼此的主權和領土完整,以及不干涉內政,是美中關係的基本原則。這些原則在1972年2月28日《上海公報》中首次確認,並在1979年1月1日《中美建交公報》中進一步重申。雙方強調,這些原則將繼續規範雙邊關係的所有方面。 4.中國政府重申,台灣問題是中國的內政。中國在1979年1月1日《告台灣同胞書》中提出「努力爭取和平統一祖國」的基本政策,並於1981年9月30日提出「九條方針」,在此基本政策下,進一步推動以和平方式解決台灣問題。 5.美利堅合眾國政府高度重視與中國的關係,並重申無意侵犯中國的主權與領土完整,不干涉中國內政,也不尋求推行『兩個中國』或『一中一台』的政策。美國政府理解並讚賞中國在1979年《告台灣同胞書》和1981年「九條方針」中所表明的以和平方式解決台灣問題的政策。當前關於台灣問題的新局勢,也為美中雙方解決關於美國對台軍售問題的分歧提供了有利條件。 6.基於上述雙方的立場,美國政府聲明:美國不尋求執行長期對台軍售政策; 美國對台軍售的質量與數量,不會超過中美建交後近年來的水準;美國意圖逐步減少對台軍售,並在一段時間內最終達成徹底解決。在此聲明中,美國認知(acknowledge)中國方面一貫的立場,即應徹底解決此問題。 7.為了在一段時間內,徹底解決美國對台軍售問題,這一具有歷史根源的議題,兩國政府將盡一切努力採取措施並創造有利條件,以推動這一問題的最終解決。 8.美中關係的發展,不僅符合兩國人民的利益,也有助於世界和平與穩定。雙方決心,根據平等互利的原則,加強在經濟、文化、教育、科學技術等領域的聯繫,並共同努力,推動兩國政府和人民之間的關係持續發展。 9.為了促進美中關係的健康發展,維護世界和平,反對侵略與擴張,兩國政府重申《上海公報》及《中美建交公報》中達成的原則。雙方將繼續保持聯繫,並就雙邊及國際共同關心的問題進行適當磋商。
最常被拿來說明,美國已經不要臺灣了,他們覺得臺灣是中國的一部分,是中國內政問題的證據就是第一條裡講的
America recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China, and it acknowledged the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China.
但我們仔細看這段文字,這段文字只是說,美國recognized ,也就是承認了中華人民共和國是中國的唯一政府,並且美國acknowledged ,也就是認知、知悉了中國的地位以及臺灣是中國的一部分。
這裡就有人會說,acknowledge 也是承認阿!怎麼會僅僅是知悉而已呢?其實在英語母語使用者中,大家是知道acknowledge 跟recognize 的區別的,前者僅僅是知道、確認,後者是完全同意、承認,意思是不一樣的。況且,如果這第一條的這段話前後要表明的都是承認,也就是美國完全同意「一中」以及「臺灣是中國的一部分」,那這句話大可改成以下這樣,不就萬事太平了嗎?
America recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China, and the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China.
很明顯的,這個是美方故意創造的語意模糊空間,為自己以後繼續賣武器給臺灣、臺灣海峽公開化以及協防臺灣提供一些法源依據,讓自己不至於涉足「中國內戰」。
搭配第3、第4、第5條一起看,統整一下邏輯就是,因為美國只是知悉、明白臺灣是中國的一部分,雖然我美國都知道中國的立場,但是我並沒有同意臺灣是中國的一部分,因此我跟臺灣進行交流、賣武器給臺灣,合情合理,中國不要來阻撓來干涉。
此外,很多人說,美國其實也支持和平統一阿!那麼美國的真實態度是什麼呢?我們來看看第五條。
The United States Government understands and appreciates the Chinese policy of striving for a peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question as indicated in China's Message to Compatriots in Taiwan issued on January 1, 1979 and the Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981.
這段話的意思是,美國讚賞中國提出的9點原則,覺得這樣和平統一是可行的方法。但也僅僅是讚賞而已,況且中國從來也沒有想要和平統一臺灣,那些軍事上的威脅依然如影隨形,比如共機越過中線、開船割海纜,這些都是對臺灣的挑釁與不尊重,與和平八竿子打不著。
既然中國沒有和平的決心,那美國對臺軍售不就是很合理的事情嗎?而且美國也沒有承諾說,未來絕對會停止對臺軍售,只是說要找到一個好的最終解決辦法,很明顯的這樣的字句,是在為自己以後在第一島鏈核心位置臺灣的部署留後路。
看得出來,1981年的這份817公報還是很有誠意的,看得出美國想好好跟中國相處,但是美國這個外交大師,絕對不會堵死自己的後路,更不可能放棄第一島鏈,因此這份公報的很多地方,才用了很多我們在中文看來沒什麼意義的字眼,比如acknowledge 。
未來如果有人說,我們早就被美國拋棄了,你可以直接給他看這篇文章,並且跟他說:只要憲法不動,繼續維持一中,而不是二中或者一中一臺,美國還是會來幫助臺灣的。
賴清德總統目前的外交方針也是如此,我覺得相較於馬英九時代的綏靖,或許這才是更好的一種方式。
今天我們先說到這裡,有興趣的話可以留言討論,我們下次見。