文獻摘要(全機翻)，《手肘尺側副韌帶損傷，診斷和治療指南》參考文獻

目錄中字體特殊化的章節是已經列出來的。

目錄

O解剖和生物力學(第1-3章):詳細介紹UCL的解剖結構和生物力學特性

1. 肘部尺側副韌帶的解剖和生物力學O

2. 臨床相關的肘部解剖和手術方法O

3. 尺側副韌帶的投擲生物力學O

O監測和預防(第4-5章):討論投擲動作的監測技術和UCL損傷的預防策略

4. 監控投擲動作：當前的可穿戴設備和分析技術

5. 尺側副韌帶損傷的預防策略O

O相關病理(第6-8章):探討與UCL相關的其他肘部病變和流行病學

O6. 外展過度

O7. 尺肱軟骨和韌帶過載

O8. 肘部尺側副韌帶損傷的流行病學

診斷(第9-12章):涵蓋病史、體格檢查和各種影像學檢查方法

9. 投擲者肘部的歷史和體格檢查

10. 肘部的放射影像學檢查

11. 尺側副韌帶損傷患者的磁共振成像（MRI）

12. 尺側副韌帶損傷的超聲波影像學檢查

保守治療(第13-14章):介紹非手術治療和生物製劑的應用

13. 尺側副韌帶損傷的保守治療

14. 生物製劑在尺側副韌帶損傷中的作用

手術治療(第15-27章):詳細描述各種UCL重建技術、併發症和特殊情況的處理

15. 尺側副韌帶重建的手術進展

16. 尺側副韌帶重建：移植物選擇和採集技術

17. 尺側副韌帶損傷的初步修復

18. 尺側副韌帶的修復和內部支撐增強

19. 尺側副韌帶損傷的關節鏡應用

20. 重建結構的生物力學

21. 八字技術及其結果

22. 尺側副韌帶重建：對接技術

23. 尺側副韌帶重建：美國運動醫學研究所的技術和結果

24. 尺側副韌帶重建：替代手術技術

25. 屈肌-旋前肌群和尺側副韌帶損傷的聯合處理

26. 投擲運動員的尺神經問題

27. 尺側副韌帶重建的修正手術

O特殊人群(第28-32章):討論不同運動項目、性別和年齡段運動員的UCL損傷

O28. 棒球位置球員的尺側副韌帶損傷

29. 非投擲運動員的尺側副韌帶損傷管理

30. 女性運動員的尺側副韌帶損傷

31. 高中運動員的尺側副韌帶損傷O

32. 青少年投擲者的內側骨骺炎

術後康復(第35-36章):介紹術後康復方案和運動專項康復

33. 尺側副韌帶重建的併發症

34. 尺側副韌帶重建的運動特定結果

35. 頭頂運動員肘部的康復

36. 尺側副韌帶手術後的運動特定康復

1.肘部尺側副韌帶的解剖和生物力學

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2. 臨床相關的肘部解剖和手術方法

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3. 尺側副韌帶的投擲生物力學

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3. 2019年 6135名現役職業棒球運動員中內側尺側副韌帶手術的流行率：2018年更新 Leland DP, Conte S, Flynn N, et al. Prevalence of medial ulnar collateral ligament surgery in 6135 current professional baseball players: a 2018 update. Orthop J Sport Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119871442.
4. 2001年 美國職棒大聯盟的傷殘天數 Conte S, Requa RK, Garrick JG. Disability days in major league baseball. Am J Sports Med. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290040801.
5. 2019年 早期體育專項化與投手上肢損傷以及在美國職棒大聯盟中出賽次數減少的關聯性 Confino J, Irvine JN, O’Connor M, Ahmad CS, Lynch TS. Early sports specialization is associated with upper extremity injuries in throwers and fewer games played in major league baseball. Orthop J Sport Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119861101.
6. 1984年 投擲時肩部的肌電圖分析：第二份報告 Jobe FW, Moynes DR, Tibone JE, Perry J. An EMG analysis of the shoulder in pitching: a second report. Am J Sports Med. 1984. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658401200310.
7. 1987年 投擲時肘部的肌電圖分析 Sisto DJ, Jobe FW, Moynes DR, Antonelli DJ. An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in pitching. Am J Sports Med. 1987. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500314.
8. 1992年 投擲時上肢的肌電圖分析 DiGiovine NM, Jobe FW, Pink M, Perry J. An electromyographic analysis of the upper extremity in pitching. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(09)80011-6.
9. 1988年 投擲肩部動態肌電圖分析與肩關節不穩定 Glousman R, Jobe F, Tibone J, Moynes D, Antonelli D, Perry J. Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability. J Bone Jt Surg – Ser A. 1988. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198870020-00009.
10. 1985年 棒球投球的生物力學：初步報告 Pappas AM, Zawacki RM, Sullivan TJ. Biomechanics of baseball pitching: a preliminary report. Am J Sports Med. 1985. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658501300402.
11. 1993年 棒球投球時肘部的生物力學 Werner SL, Fleisig GS, Dillman CJ, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1993.17.6.274.
12. 1995年 棒球投球的動力學及其對損傷機制的啟示 Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Dillman CJ, Escamilla RF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 1995. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659502300218.
13. 2002年 上肢和軀幹在上臂投擲時的連續肌肉活動及其功能作用 Hirashima M, Kadota H, Sakurai S, Kudo K, Ohtsuki T. Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing. J Sports Sci. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102753576071.
14. 1997年 成人肘部的骨外和骨內動脈解剖 Yamaguchi K, Sweet FA, Bindra R, Morrey BF, Gelberman RH. The extraosseous and intraosseous arterial anatomy of the adult elbow. J Bone Jt Surg – Ser A. 1997. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199711000-00007.
15. 2017年 磁共振成像預測職業棒球投手尺側副韌帶損傷非手術治療失敗的指標 Frangiamore SJ, Lynch TS, Vaughn MD, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of failure in the nonoperative management of ulnar collateral ligament injuries in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517699832.
16. 2019年 從近端到遠端尺側副韌帶的血供變化：定性描述性屍體研究 Buckley PS, Morris ER, Robbins CM, et al. Variations in blood supply from proximal to distal in the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: a qualitative descriptive cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519831693.
17. 1985年 肘部韌帶的功能解剖 Morrey BF, An KN. Functional anatomy of the ligaments of the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198512000-00015.
18. 1975年 尺神經的壓力測量：對肘管綜合症病理生理學的貢獻 Pechan J, Juliš I. The pressure measurement in the ulnar nerve. A contribution to the pathophysiology of the cubital tunnel syndrome. J Biomech. 1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(75)90045-7.
19. 1973年 肘部尺神經的動態解剖 Apfelberg DB, Larson SJ. Dynamic anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197301000-00014.
20. 2019年 尺側副韌帶功能不全影響投擲運動中肘管綜合症的屍體生物力學研究 Mihata T, Akeda M, Künzler M, McGarry MH, Neo M, Lee TQ. Ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency affects cubital tunnel syndrome during throwing motion: a cadaveric biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2019.02.009.
21. 1998年 肘部屍體實驗中肘管和尺神經隨肘部屈曲的間質壓力和橫截面面積的變化 Gelberman RH, Yamaguchi K, Hollstien SB, et al. Changes in interstitial pressure and cross-sectional area of the cubital tunnel and of the ulnar nerve with flexion of the elbow: an experimental study in human cadavera. J Bone Jt Surg – Ser A. 1998. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199804000-00005.
22. 2006年 投手肘：外翻伸展過度綜合症的關節鏡治療 O’Holleran JD, Altchek DW. The Thrower’s elbow: arthroscopic treatment of valgus extension overload syndrome. HSS J. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11420-005-5124-6.
23. 2003年 投擲運動員的肘部損傷：當前概念回顧 Cain EL, Dugas JR, Wolf RS, Andrews JR. Elbow injuries in throwing athletes: a current concepts review. Am J Sports Med. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310042601.

4. 監控投擲動作：當前的可穿戴設備和分析技術

5. 尺側副韌帶損傷的預防策略

1. 2019年 教練，讓我上場：青少年棒球參與度上升 Nuckols B. Put me in, coach: youth baseball participation on the rise. USA Today. 2019;August(23):2019.
2. 2004年 高中棒球運動員尺側副韌帶重建：臨床結果與受傷風險因素 Petty DH, Andrews JR, Fleisig GS, Cain EL. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in high school baseball players: clinical results and injury risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(5):1158–64.
3. 2012年 預防青少年棒球投手的肘部受傷 Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Prevention of elbow injuries in youth baseball pitchers. Sports Health. 2012;4(5):419–24.
4. 2014年 青少年棒球風險投擲活動與受傷：全國樣本的發現 Yang J, Mann BJ, Guettler JH, Dugas JR, Irrgang JJ, Fleisig GS, et al. Risk-prone pitching activities and injuries in youth baseball: findings from a national sample. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(6):1456–63.
5. 2015年 青少年棒球運動員手臂疼痛調查：健康球員的調查 Makhni EC, Morrow ZS, Luchetti TJ, Mishra-Kalyani PS, Gualtieri AP, Lee RW, et al. Arm pain in youth baseball players: a survey of healthy players. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(1):41–6.
6. 2019年 早期運動專業化 Popkin CA, Bayomy AF, Ahmad CS. Early sport specialization. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(22)–e1000.
7. 2011年 青少年棒球投手嚴重受傷的風險：一項為期十年的前瞻性研究 Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Cutter GR, Weber A, Loftice J, McMichael C, et al. Risk of serious injury for young baseball pitchers: a 10-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(2):253–7.
8. 2006年 青少年棒球投手肩部和肘部受傷的風險因素 Olsen SJ 2nd, Fleisig GS, Dun S, Loftice J, Andrews JR. Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(6):905–12.
9. 2012年 成長與成熟對青少年男子手球運動員功能能力和技術表現的貢獻 Matthys SP, Vaeyens R, Coelho ESMJ, Lenoir M, Philippaerts R. The contribution of growth and maturation in the functional capacity and skill performance of male adolescent handball players. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(7):543–9.
10. 2018年 棒球傷害預防：從青少年到專業選手 Melugin HP, Leafblad ND, Camp CL, Conte S. Injury prevention in baseball: from youth to the pros. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(1):26–34.
11. 2015年 青少年與少年投手受傷歷史的相關因素 Chalmers PN, Sgroi T, Riff AJ, Lesniak M, Sayegh ET, Verma NN, et al. Correlates with history of injury in youth and adolescent pitchers. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(7):1349–57.
12. 2008年 青少年棒球投手不同投球的生物力學比較：曲球是否有潛在危害？ Dun S, Loftice J, Fleisig GS, Kingsley D, Andrews JR. A biomechanical comparison of youth baseball pitches: is the curveball potentially harmful? Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(4):686–92.
13. 2009年 青少年棒球投手快速球和曲球的生物力學比較 Nissen CW, Westwell M, Ounpuu S, Patel M, Solomito M, Tate J. A biomechanical comparison of the fastball and curveball in adolescent baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(8):1492–8.
14. 2019年 模擬比賽對青少年棒球投手各種投球類型上肢投球力學和肌肉活動的影響 Oliver GD, Plummer H, Henning L, Saper M, Glimer G, Brambeck A, et al. Effects of a simulated game on upper extremity pitching mechanics and muscle activations among various pitch types in youth baseball pitchers. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019;39(8):387–93.
15. 2020年 大聯盟投手智庫計劃 Major League Baseball. Major League Baseball; 2020.
16. 2015年 青少年棒球運動員的傷害預防知識和過度使用投球受傷的風險因素 Bohne C, George SZ, Zeppieri GJ. Knowledge of injury prevention and prevalence of risk factors for throwing injuries in a sample of youth baseball players. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(4):464–75.
17. 2012年 大眾對Tommy John手術的看法 Ahmad CS, Grantham WJ, Greiwe RM. Public perceptions of Tommy John surgery. Phys Sportsmed. 2012;40(2):64–72.
18. 2009年 投球生物力學對青少年與少年棒球投手上肢的影響 Davis JT, Limpisvasti O, Fluhme D, Mohr KJ, Yocum LA, Elattrache NS, et al. The effect of pitching biomechanics on the upper extremity in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(8):1484–91.
19. 2018年 青少年棒球教練對投球次數指導和過度使用投球受傷的認識仍然不足 Knapik DM, Continenza SM, Hoffman K, Gilmore A. Youth baseball coach awareness of pitch count guidelines and overuse throwing injuries remains deficient. J Pediatr Orthop. 2018;38(10)–e8.
20. 1994年 過重與過輕訓練對投球速度的影響 DeRenne CBB, Hetzler RK, Ho KW. Effects of under-and-overweighted implement training on pitching velocity. J Strength Cond Res. 1994;8:247–50.
21. 2001年 普通、專項和特定抗阻訓練對棒球投擲速度的影響：簡要回顧 Derenne C, Ho KW, Murphy JC. Effects of general, special, and specific resistance training on throwing velocity in baseball: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15(1):148–56.
22. 2009年 棒球加重訓練的效果：簡要回顧 Derenne CSD. Effects of baseball weighted implement training: a brief review. Strength Cond J. 2009;31:30–7.
23. 2000年 過重和過輕棒球投擲對投擲速度和準確性的影響 Escamilla RF, Speer KP, Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Andrews JR. Effects of throwing overweight and underweight baseballs on throwing velocity and accuracy. Sports Med. 2000;29(4):259–72.
24. 2017年 棒球投手加重球訓練的生物力學分析 Fleisig GS, Diffendaffer AZ, Aune KT, Ivey B, Laughlin WA. Biomechanical analysis of weighted-ball exercises for baseball pitchers. Sports Health. 2017;9(3):210–5.
25. 2018年 六周加重棒球投擲訓練計劃對投球速度、投球手臂生物力學、被動活動範圍和受傷率的影響 Reinold MM, Macrina LC, Fleisig GS, Aune K, Andrews JR. Effect of a 6-week weighted baseball throwing program on pitch velocity, pitching arm biomechanics, passive range of motion, and injury rates. Sports Health. 2018;10(4):327–33.
26. 2020年 Driveline棒球訓練 www.drivelinebaseball.com. 2020.
27. 2009年 尺骨副韌帶不全棒球選手的肩胛內旋缺陷。Dines JS, Frank JB, Akerman M, Yocum LA. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):566–70.
28. 2013年 被診斷患有尺骨副韌帶撕裂的棒球選手相比健康對照組顯示平衡減少。Garrison JC, Arnold A, Macko MJ, Conway JE. Baseball players diagnosed with ulnar collateral ligament tears demonstrate decreased balance compared to healthy controls. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43(10):752–8.
29. 2016年 18個賽季內大聯盟棒球的傷害趨勢。Conte S, Camp CL, Dines JS. Injury trends in major league baseball over 18 seasons: 1998–2015. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016;45(3):116–23.
30. 2016年 大聯盟棒球選手肘部內側副韌帶重建：我們目前處於何種地步？Erickson BJ, Bach BRJ, Bush-Joseph CA, Verma NN, Romeo AA. Medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow in major league baseball players: where do we stand? World J Orthop. 2016;7(6):355–60.
31. 2019年 投球釋放位置對大聯盟棒球投手尺骨副韌帶重建風險的影響。Portney DA, Buchler LT, Lazaroff JM, Gryzlo SM, Saltzman MD. Influence of pitching release location on ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction risk among major league baseball pitchers. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(2):2325967119826540.
32. 2016年 大聯盟棒球投球速度和投球類型與尺骨副韌帶損傷風險相關聯。Keller RA, Marshall NE, Guest JM, Okoroha KR, Jung EK, Moutzouros V. Major League Baseball pitch velocity and pitch type associated with risk of ulnar collateral ligament injury. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2016;25(4):671–5.
33. 2013年 短賽季小聯盟棒球快速球速度趨勢。Crotin RL, Bhan S, Karakolis T, Ramsey DK. Fastball velocity trends in short-season minor league baseball. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(8):2206–12.
34. 2017年 主要聯盟棒球選手初次尺骨副韌帶重建後的投球工作負荷及修正手術風險。Keller RA, Mehran N, Marshall NE, Okoroha KR, Khalil L, Tibone JE, et al. Major League pitching workload after primary ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction and risk for revision surgery. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2017;26(2):288–94.
35. 2019年 專業和業餘棒球投手對尺骨副韌帶損傷風險的觀點。Vance DD, Alexander FJ, Kunkle BW, Littlefield M, Ahmad CS. Professional and amateur pitchers’ perspective on the ulnar collateral ligament injury risk. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(6):2325967119850777.
36. 2016年 快速球速有助於預測大聯盟棒球投手的尺骨副韌帶重建手術。Chalmers PN, Erickson BJ, Ball B, Romeo AA, Verma NN. Fastball pitch velocity helps predict ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in major league baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(8):2130–5.

6. 外展過度

7. 尺肱軟骨和韌帶過載

8. 肘部尺側副韌帶損傷的流行病學

診斷(第9-12章):涵蓋病史、體格檢查和各種影像學檢查方法

9. 投擲者肘部的歷史和體格檢查

10. 肘部的放射影像學檢查

11. 尺側副韌帶損傷患者的磁共振成像（MRI）

12. 尺側副韌帶損傷的超聲波影像學檢查

保守治療(第13-14章):介紹非手術治療和生物製劑的應用

13. 尺側副韌帶損傷的保守治療

14. 生物製劑在尺側副韌帶損傷中的作用

手術治療(第15-27章):詳細描述各種UCL重建技術、併發症和特殊情況的處理

15. 尺側副韌帶重建的手術進展

16. 尺側副韌帶重建：移植物選擇和採集技術

17. 尺側副韌帶損傷的初步修復

18. 尺側副韌帶的修復和內部支撐增強

19. 尺側副韌帶損傷的關節鏡應用

20. 重建結構的生物力學

21. 八字技術及其結果

22. 尺側副韌帶重建：對接技術

23. 尺側副韌帶重建：美國運動醫學研究所的技術和結果

24. 尺側副韌帶重建：替代手術技術

25. 屈肌-旋前肌群和尺側副韌帶損傷的聯合處理

26. 投擲運動員的尺神經問題

27. 尺側副韌帶重建的修正手術

28. 棒球位置球員的尺側副韌帶損傷

29. 非投擲運動員的尺側副韌帶損傷管理

30. 女性運動員的尺側副韌帶損傷

31. 高中運動員的尺側副韌帶損傷

1. 2004 一項關於小聯盟肘部的臨床和X光研究 Hang DW, Chao CM, Hang YS. A clinical and roent- genographic study of Little League elbow. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1):79–84. (PubMed PMID: 14754727).
2. 2002 投球類型、投球數量和投球機制對青少年棒球投手肘部和肩部疼痛風險的影響 Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Osinski ED. Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth base- ball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(4):463–8. (PubMed PMID: 12130397).
3. 2015 青少年棒球運動員的手臂疼痛:健康球員調查 Makhni EC, Morrow ZS, Luchetti TJ, Mishra-Kalyani PS, Gualtieri AP, Lee RW, Ahmad CS. Arm Pain in youth baseball players: a survey of healthy players. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(1):41–6. (PubMed PMID: 25367016).
4. 2005 小聯盟肘部 Benjamin HJ, Briner WW Jr. Little league elbow. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(1):37–40. (PubMed PMID: 15654190).
5. 1986 運動員的尺側側副韌帶重建 Jobe FW, Stark H, Lombardo SJ. Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68(8):1158–63. (PubMed PMID: 3771597).
6. 2004 高中棒球運動員的尺側側副韌帶重建:臨床結果和傷害風險因素 Petty DH, Andrews JR, Fleisig GS, Cain EL. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in high school base- ball players: clinical results and injury risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(5):1158–64. (PubMed PMID: 15262637).
7. 2016 尺側側副韌帶重建的流行病學:紐約州10年研究 Hodgins JL, Vitale M, Arons RR, Ahmad CS. Epidemiology of medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: a 10-year study in New York State. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(3):729–34. (PubMed PMID: 26797699).
8. 2015 美國尺側側副韌帶重建趨勢:2007-2011年大型私人支付數據庫的回顧性研究 Erickson BJ, Nwachukwu BU, Rosas S, Schairer WW, McCormick FM, Bach BR, Rush-Joseph CA, Romeo AA. Trends in medial ulnar collateral ligament recon- struction in the United States: A retrospective review of a large private-payer database from 2007-2011. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(7):1770–4. (PubMed PMID: 26129959)
9. 2012 公眾對湯米·約翰手術的看法 Ahmad CS, Grantham WJ, Greiwe RM. Public per- ceptions of Tommy John surgery. Phys Sportsmed. 2012;40(2):64–72. (PubMed PMID: 22759607).
10. 2005 青少年/小聯盟棒球運動員肩胛肱關節的旋轉運動變化 Meister K, Day T, Horodyski M, Kaminski TW, Wasik MP, Tillman S. Rotational motion changes in the glenohumeral joint of the adolescent/Little League baseball player. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(5):693–8. (PubMed PMID: 15722284).
11. 2006 青少年棒球運動員的肩部適應性變化 Levine WN, Brandon ML, Stein BS, Gardner TR, Bigliani LU, Ahmad CS. Shoulder adaptive changes in youth baseball players. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15(5):562–6. (PubMed PMID: 16920368).
12. 2004 棒球運動員肩胛肱關節平移的定量評估:投手與非投手運動員的比較 Sethi PM. Quantitative assessment of glenohumeral translation in baseball players: a comparison of pitch- ers versus nonpitching athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(7):1711–5. (PubMed PMID: 15494337).
13. 2002 職業棒球投手肩胛肱關節的骨性適應和運動範圍 Crockett HC, Gross LB, Wilk KE, Schwartz ML, Reed J, O'Mara J, et al. Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(1):20–6. (PubMed PMID: 11798991).
14. 2002 大學棒球運動員肱骨後翻及其與肩胛肱關節旋轉的關係 Reagan KM, Meister K, Horodyski MB, Werner DW, Carruthers C, Wilk K. Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoul- der of college baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(3):354–60. (PubMed PMID: 12016075).
15. 2002 大學棒球投手投球肩部的肱骨後翻 Osbahr DC, Cannon DL, Speer KP. Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college base- ball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(3):347–53. (PubMed PMID: 12016074).
16. 2004 骨骼未成熟棒球運動員主導肩部的生理變化和運動範圍差異 Mair SD, Uhl TL, Robbe RG, Brindle KA. Physeal changes and range-of-motion differences in the dominant shoulders of skeletally immature baseball players. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(5):487–91. (PubMed 15383802).
17. 2011 高中壘球和棒球運動員肩部運動範圍測量作為肩部和肘部傷害的風險因素 Shanley E, Rauh MJ, Michener LA, Ellenbecker TS, Garrison JC, Thigpen CA. Shoulder range of motion measures as risk factors for shoulder and elbow inju- ries in high school softball and baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(9):1997–2006. (PubMed PMID: 21685316).
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29. 1996 美國棒球新聞醫療與安全諮詢委員會特別報告:我應該允許我的孩子投多少球? Andrews JR, Fleisig GS. USA Baseball News Medical & Safety Advisory Committee special report: how many pitches should I allow my child to throw? USA Baseball News. 1996;1996:1.
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32. 2014 尺側側副韌帶(UCL)傷害可預期多少外翻不穩定性?對273名UCL受傷棒球運動員的回顧 Bruce JR, Hess R, Joyner P, Andrews JR. How much valgus instability can be expected with ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries? A review of 273 baseball players with UCL injuries. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(10):1521–6. (PubMed PMID: 25220199).
33. 1998 職業棒球投手的內側肘關節鬆弛度:使用應力放射線攝影的雙側比較 Ellenbecker TS, Mattalino AJ, Elam EA, Caplinger RA. Medial elbow joint laxity in professional baseball pitchers. A bilateral comparison using stress radiogra- phy. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(3):420–4. (PubMed PMID: 9617406).
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37. 2014 職業棒球投手肘部尺側側副韌帶的應力超聲波檢查:10年研究 Ciccotti MG, Atanda A, Nazarian LN, Dodson CC, Holmes L, Cohen SB. Stress sonography of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow in professional base- ball pitchers: a 10-year study. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(3):544–51. (PubMed PMID: 24473498).
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32.青少年投擲者的內側骨骺炎

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33. 尺側副韌帶重建的併發症

34. 尺側副韌帶重建的運動特定結果

35. 頭頂運動員肘部的康復

36. 尺側副韌帶手術後的運動特定康復