這兩天日夜都在開會,也許是精神有點渙散,覺得這兩天讀的內容有點難消化。
不過我想大方向是在談論我們如何行動,以及在說明我們的行動的意圖(intention)要簡單純粹(purity and simplicity)。
Inner Freecom with regard to actions: the purity and simplicity of intentions.
當談到為什麼我們對他人好(why we must do good unto others?)這邊仍不脫離Stoic的世界/宇宙觀。Stoic既認為人是整體的一部分,那當我們做出對整體好的事情,也涵蓋我們自己在內(What is good for the whole is good for the part)。
我覺得這裡的概念是,我們本來就是整體的一部分,應該是要相互合作的。就以侷限的眼光來說,我們的身體是一個整體,而每個生理部位都是重要的一部分,維持著我們的生命運作。如果我們吃好的食物,有益於健康,也有益於身體的各個部位或細胞。以同樣的想法把視角拉伸到整個宇宙或整體,我們也是其中運作的部分而已。我們為community good所做行動,也澤披自己。而當我們做善事時,美德本身就是最好的回報(Virtue is its own reward),在執行的當下就已經完成且獲得酬賞,因此不應該再另外期待他人或外在有所回報。
Marcu認為有三種做善事的人(benefactor)(p.201)。
- He who openly consider the recipient of his benefits as his debt
- He who only thinks, and knows that he did good for the other's sake
- He who does not know what he has done
我想Marcus的想法是,第三類做善事的人,才是真正抱著簡單純粹意圖者。因為他說,
We must be like those who, in a way, do good unconsciously.
接著舉了幾個例子來說明action in conformity with nature。他說就像葡萄藤會結葡萄一樣,它不會因為結了一顆葡萄就張揚,而是會繼續往下生長,繼續結另一顆葡萄。也如馬會跑、蜜蜂會產蜂蜜一樣,人(human being)對應到的則是the impulse to act the will and intention to act in accordance with reason。Marcus認為這是in conformity with nature。
不過我好奇的是,他舉的例子如葡萄藤、馬跟蜜蜂,他們並不需要思考自己的行為是否與自然一致,那是他們與生俱來的本能。但是對應到人類,我們是需要spiritual exercise來時刻檢視我們的行為是否in conformity with nature的。這之間好像有點落差?
Marcus雖然有提doing good is the same thing as acting naturally,我覺得好像沒有那麼nature? 還是說我們與生俱來應是如此,只是後來被我們自己的value judgment或false judgment給蒙蔽了,所以才以為這不是我們的nature?
但Marcus舉上述幾個例子的比喻是想傳達,do not linger to take pleasure in any specific action、acting in accordance with reason means action in conformity with nature。本來就是自然不過的是事。
Moral intention remains completely free with regards to its actions, and it accomplishes them naturally.
這裡的naturally指得是spontaneously, uncounciously, 接近動物本能。
Goodness cannot be anything other than complete generosity, without any return upon or complacency in itself.
The "reserve clause" and exercices to prepare oneself to encounter difficulties
這邊談論到我們要預先設想可能會遭遇的困難,因此在心理層面,一來實際執行行動如若遭遇困難,也不會太驚訝。二來好像是說,我們會明白是自然的一部分,欣然接這些阻礙。事實上,在斯多葛的想法裡,也許這也不是阻礙,而是過程裡的一部分。
我們應該要為一切可能發生的事做好準備(we must always be ready for everything),但並不是要我們一直預想未來可能遭逢何等困難、災難、苦難等而煩憂。我們應該要專注在每個當下,every moment and every action、even every difficulty encounter。當我們專注在當下,我們把眼前的事物逐一拆解,把一件大事看得仔細、分化得細緻之後,就相對容易應對。
It is easier to bear if they are isolate。
我覺得這跟Vipassana Meditation很像,當初在靜坐時,葛印卡也是說當我們感覺到任何sensation,再繼續往下細分、細切去觀察,原本可能是一區塊、細切成一個點,一個點再繼續往下細切。愈發精準之後,那麼原本的sensation感受也就不一樣了。
說回來這邊台foresight的部分,Marcus認為我們是要最好準備,但是如果太過在意或焦慮,anguished imagination of the future並不是controlled by reason。
因此有兩點要注意:
- understand that future misfortunes are not misfortunes for us
- reminds us that misfortune itself is not really a misfortune--> an event will by Destiny --> "reserve clause"
不是對世事冷漠,而是去思考。可能是盡人事聽天命。但這個盡人事是積極的,而不是消極被動的。
是故,理性預見(rational foresight)有兩個心理層面練習:
- Practice confronting in our mind the future trials
- We will accustom ourselves to reamin inwardlly free with regard to what may be beyond our control in our daily lives.
還是有看到一些跟Vipassana Meditation近似的概念,例如: accept situation with serenity。這跟Vipassana讓我們練習Equanimity是類似的,無論在平順或艱困的處境,我們的內心維持著平靜。這跟innder citadel的metaphor也是可以相通的。
Stoic認為我們一要維持the serenity of the sage,二要關注身為人的行動(concern of the man of the action)
Altruism (p.210 -)
提到discipline of action consist essentially in acting for the good of community。
Intelligence and reason are common to all resonable beings; hence they are universal. (p.212)
Man就是rational being。the other beings are made for rational beings, and rational beings are made for one another.
To be a Stoic means to become aware of the fact that no being is alone, but that we are part of a whole made up of the totality of rational beings and that totality which is the Cosmos. (p.212)
這邊提到的是為什麼人應該要acting for the good of community。因為我們是rational being,而且都是part of the Whole,每個人都具有intelligence和reason。因為人與人之間是彼此連結的,因此所做的行動,for the good of community,還蓋了所有rational being。
Action and value; justine and impartiality
Epictetus提到Active impulses有三個特徵:
- 伴隨著reserved clause
- 一定是為了整體福祉(their good must be the service of the common welfare)
- 行動與價值(Value/ Kat' axian)一致
而上述的Value又再細分成三個程度:
- those with virtue,屬於絕對的(absolute)
- those things which can help the practice of virtue in a secondary way
- those things which, under certain circumstances, could be useful to virtue
Marcus認為要判斷價值,應該依據how it would benifit moral life來做出對應程度的行動
the discipline of actions thus demands that we be able to recognized the value of objects, and be able to distribute the intensity of tour act proportionately.
Seneca也有提出discipline of action的定義
- judge the value of the matter in question
- adjust our active impulsese to this value
- bring active impulse and action into harmony --> in accord with ourselves
Epictetus's value (Kat' axian)
除了上述的定義外,value的另一個意思是,個人美德的近義詞(synonymous with his/her merit)。
雖然從我們透過Arrian的紀錄中,Epictetus並未特別強調the virtue of justice,但在Marcus的沉思錄中,是極為重要的。
我認為這兩天讀的內容,主要是在陳述Stoic哲學中,對於行動準則的判斷。
首先要能夠區辨行動的價值(value)、行動前要判斷是否符合整體利益,而不出於個人的egotism。我覺得跟Vipassana Meditation另一處呼應的地方在於,我們觀看事情跟體驗到的sensation,未必是as it is。因此我們有了濾鏡或者是有社會文化的積習。但是Vipassan的練習,目的是要我們從我們detached from what we cling to。
而Marcus或Stoic這邊,關於行動的簡單純粹的意圖,指向的是一個純粹乾淨、向善的本能。而我們人之所以沒這麼做,可能是受困於我們自己的Judgment。
我覺得兩邊都是在讓人不受限於false judgment、attachment),依照著universal law of Reason/Nature運作。













