前面有提到,預防生產創傷,是對生產更多的釐清與傾聽。為什麼釐清與傾聽可以預防生產創傷呢?
研究發現,若醫療人員或其他專業人員,包括醫師、助產師、護理師......,提供(準)媽媽們,詳細且正確的信息 ,能提高對不確定性的容忍度與對生產的控制感 (自我效能感),這會減輕了對分娩的恐懼 (Larsson et al., 2015;Sheen and Slade, 2018)。自我效能感的高低與分娩恐懼感、疼痛感、壓力反應及創傷有關,甚至在分娩後,仍可能處在恐懼、焦慮中,需持續給予支持。
除了,協助釐清與傾聽,我們亦可以透過以下方式,增加(準)媽媽們的自我效能感、減輕壓力、降低恐懼。
催眠生產:使用放鬆和呼吸的技巧來減輕恐懼,嘗試與身體合作而不是與之對抗(Kenneth Finlayson et al., 2015 ; Salomonsson, 2016)。催眠生產的(準)媽媽相較未參與催眠生產課程的(準)媽媽,前者疼痛強度較低,分娩時間較短,子宮頸打開時間較短,住院時間較短 (Kelly Madden et al., 2012)。再來,多數爸爸在懷孕或分娩過程中,想為媽媽做,但不知道自己可以做什麼,催眠生產的系統化課程,可以降低(準)爸爸的無助感。
瑜珈:瑜伽會影響女性處理分娩疼痛的能力,並提高自我效能感,甚至在過程中,彼此可以積極討論自己的恐懼 (Campbell and Nolan, 2016)。也發現練習瑜珈3個月後,唾液皮質醇濃度降低,皮質醇是心理壓力的標誌且反映交感神經,腎上腺髓質的活動。
團體心理治療:參加單人、團體心理治療療程,過程中的治療性對話,亦有助於提高婦女的自我效能感 (Striebich, Mattern and Averle, 2018)。
正念:正念可以改善注意力控制,增加自我同情。自我同情在困難時刻,可以讓我們溫柔地對待自己 (Esther et al., 2016)。
生理回饋(HRV-BF):生理回饋可以減輕壓力,並增強自我意識、自我控制,可減輕憂鬱與焦慮 (Esther et al., 2016)。
最後,邀請大家思考一個問題,剖腹產可以解決對分娩的恐懼嗎?
曾有一位媽媽說:我對懷孕感到不滿,因為我對分娩非常焦慮。我真的不知道為什麼會這麼擔心,我唯一想到的是,如果我可以進行剖腹產手術,就不必擔心,但是在我內心深處,我不想剖腹產 (Lyberg and Severinsson , 2010)。為了避免自然分娩可能帶來的疼痛,剖腹產會不會激起另外的恐懼?
參考資料:
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