焦慮會削弱前額葉皮層(PFC)之間的聯繫,並導致前額葉皮層神經元處理異常。 PFC 是操作並確保在不斷變化的環境中,能夠靈活地處理信息調節行為的能力,但過度活躍的杏仁核會損害PFC調節,在下丘腦和腦幹中的壓力途徑杏仁核喚起了高水平的多巴胺(DA)和去甲腎上腺素 (NA) 釋放,進而形成「惡性循環」(Arnsten,2009)。除了了解大腦中主要負責產生恐懼和焦慮的區域外,了解它的傳輸方式也很重要,神經遞質就是操作大腦功能的關鍵,它提供了各個大腦區域之間的溝通。表達「焦慮」涉及不同的神經遞質和眾多的大腦通路,這些通路需要協調活動,相互影響,並且都由局部和遠處的突觸繼電器調節(Martin et al., 2010)
杏仁核活動升高或邊緣活動過度是由神經遞質失調引起的。在焦慮症的發病機制中,有幾種神經遞質參與其中,包括γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、谷氨酸、多巴胺、血清素(5-HT 1)和去甲腎上腺素。 GABA是一種保持身體健康和正常運作的化學物質,主要工作是在中樞神經中充當「抑制性」神經遞質,這被認為是在焦慮調節中的重要作用。GABA可以阻止某些神經信號向大腦或脊髓發送消息以減少恐懼和焦慮(Babaev et al., 2018)
谷氨酸是中樞神經系統(CNS)中的一種「興奮性」神經遞質,許多研究證據指出,谷氨酸系統在焦慮症的發病機理中起著至關重要的作用(Hasler et al., 2019)。谷氨酸-NMDA(N-methyl-d-aspartate)受體底物介導記憶和學習,從而鞏固了對情緒的恐懼。因此,負責大腦的理性解決問題的部分沒有收到信息,導致非理性的想法和行為。
而在這些症狀和體徵中,如果涉及三項或更多症狀,且持續六個月或更長時間並干擾日常生活,則可以診斷為焦慮症(兒童的持續時間可能會更短)(The National Institute of Mental Health, 2022; Patriquin & Mathew, 2017) 焦慮症的身體症狀很容易與其他疾病混淆,因此在經驗豐富且有執照的心理健康專家的幫助下,仔細識別影響的症狀非常重要。
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. Link
American Psychiatric Association. (2015). Anxiety Disorders: Dsm-5® selections. American Psychiatric Publishing. Link
Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. Link
Babaev, O., Piletti Chatain, C., & Krueger-Burg, D. (2018). Inhibition in the amygdala anxiety circuitry. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 50(4), 1–16. Link
Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327–335. Link
Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 19(2), 93–107. Link
Bolton P. A. (2014). The unknown role of mental health in global development. The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 87(3), 241–249. Link
Brandes, M., & Bienvenu, O. J. (2006). Personality and anxiety disorders. Current psychiatry reports, 8(4), 263–269. Link
Ferguson J. M. (2001). SSRI Antidepressant Medications: Adverse Effects and Tolerability. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 3(1), 22–27. Link
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2020). Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. Link
Hasler, G., Buchmann, A., Haynes, M., Müller, S. T., Ghisleni, C., Brechbühl, S., & Tuura, R. (2019). Association between prefrontal glutamine levels and neuroticism determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1). Link
Kaczkurkin, A. N., & Foa, E. B. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 337–346. Link
Kerr, G. W. (2001, July 1). Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a review. Emergency Medicine Journal. Link
Longo, L. P., & Johnson, B. (2000). Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines--side effects, abuse risk and alternatives. American family physician, 61(7), 2121–2128. Link
Martin, E. I., Ressler, K. J., Binder, E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2010). The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: Brain Imaging, Genetics, and Psychoneuroendocrinology. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 30(4), 865–891. Link
Ougrin, D. (2011). Efficacy of exposure versus cognitive therapy in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 11(1). Link
Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved April 25, 2022, from Link
Patriquin, M. A., & Mathew, S. J. (2017). The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Chronic Stress. Chronic Stress, 1, 247054701770399. Link
Ressler, K. J. (2010a). Amygdala Activity, Fear, and Anxiety: Modulation by Stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67(12), 1117–1119. Link
Ressler, K. J. (2010b). Amygdala Activity, Fear, and Anxiety: Modulation by Stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67(12), 1117–1119. Link
Saloni Dattani, Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2021) - "Mental Health". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Link
Santarsieri, D., & Schwartz, T. L. (2015). Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians. Drugs in context, 4, 212290. Link
The National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Anxiety Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved April 22, 2022. Link
Wainberg, M. L., Scorza, P., Shultz, J. M., Helpman, L., Mootz, J. J., Johnson, K. A., Neria, Y., Bradford, J. M. E., Oquendo, M. A., & Arbuckle, M. R. (2017, April 19). Challenges and Opportunities in Global Mental Health: a Research-to-Practice Perspective. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(5). Link
Wittchen, H., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., Fratiglioni, L., Jennum, P., Lieb, R., Maercker, A., van Os, J., Preisig, M., Salvador-Carulla, L., Simon, R., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2011a, September). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(9), 655–679. Link
World Health Organization. (2019, November 28). Mental disorders. Mental Disorders - WHO | World Health Organization. Retrieved April 21, 2022. Link